Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions is the official document that describes in detail the process of preparing and maintaining Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions.

[1]  Micah D J Peters,et al.  Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews , 2020, JBI evidence synthesis.

[2]  Ian R. White,et al.  Network Meta-analysis , 2015 .

[3]  Prof Zoe Jordan JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis , 2020 .

[4]  Deborah M Caldwell,et al.  Undertaking network meta‐analyses , 2019, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.

[5]  M. Macaluso,et al.  Methods for Research Evidence Synthesis: The Scoping Review Approach. , 2019, Journal of hospital medicine.

[6]  Roderick J. A. Little,et al.  Statistical Analysis with Missing Data , 1988 .

[7]  Kate Flemming,et al.  Formulating questions to explore complex interventions within qualitative evidence synthesis , 2019, BMJ Global Health.

[8]  Mark W. Lipsey,et al.  IDENTIFYING POTENTIALLY INTERESTING VARIABLES AND ANALYSIS OPPORTUNITIES , 2019, The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis.

[9]  Zachary Munn,et al.  Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach , 2018, BMC Medical Research Methodology.

[10]  J. McGowan,et al.  PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation , 2018, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[11]  Nicky J Welton,et al.  Network Meta-Analysis for Decision-Making , 2018 .

[12]  Hilary Thomson,et al.  Improving Conduct and Reporting of Narrative Synthesis of Quantitative Data (ICONS-Quant): protocol for a mixed methods study to develop a reporting guideline , 2018, BMJ Open.

[13]  D. Moher,et al.  Reproducible research practices are underused in systematic reviews of biomedical interventions. , 2018, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[14]  Isabelle Boutron,et al.  Node-making process in network meta-analysis of nonpharmacological treatment are poorly reported. , 2017, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[15]  P. Williamson,et al.  Do systematic reviews still exclude studies with “no relevant outcome data”? , 2017, British Medical Journal.

[16]  A. Páez,et al.  Grey literature: An important resource in systematic reviews. , 2017, Journal of evidence-based medicine.

[17]  David Moher,et al.  Enhancing the usability of systematic reviews by improving the consideration and description of interventions , 2017, British Medical Journal.

[18]  Sarah J Lewis,et al.  The albatross plot: A novel graphical tool for presenting results of diversely reported studies in a systematic review , 2017, Research synthesis methods.

[19]  Hugh Waddington,et al.  Quasi-experimental study designs series – Paper 5: Classifying studies evaluating effects of health interventions – a taxonomy without labels , 2017 .

[20]  Deborah M Caldwell,et al.  Additional considerations are required when preparing a protocol for a systematic review with multiple interventions. , 2017, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[21]  Wasifa Zarin,et al.  Bibliographic study showed improving statistical methodology of network meta-analyses published between 1999 and 2015. , 2017, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[22]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  Completeness of Safety Reporting in Randomized Trials , 2017 .

[23]  Johannes B Reitsma,et al.  GetReal in network meta‐analysis: a review of the methodology , 2016, Research synthesis methods.

[24]  P. Shekelle,et al.  Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation , 2016, British Medical Journal.

[25]  Jelena Savović,et al.  Empirical Evidence of Study Design Biases in Randomized Trials: Systematic Review of Meta-Epidemiological Studies , 2016, PloS one.

[26]  D Mawdsley,et al.  Model‐Based Network Meta‐Analysis: A Framework for Evidence Synthesis of Clinical Trial Data , 2016, CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology.

[27]  David Moher,et al.  Epidemiology and Reporting Characteristics of Systematic Reviews of Biomedical Research: A Cross-Sectional Study , 2016, PLoS medicine.

[28]  Rachel Churchill,et al.  ROBIS: A new tool to assess risk of bias in systematic reviews was developed , 2016, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[29]  Anna Chaimani,et al.  Visualizing Assumptions and Results in Network Meta-analysis: The Network Graphs Package , 2015 .

[30]  James Thomas,et al.  Developing and Optimising the Use of Logic Models in Systematic Reviews: Exploring Practice and Good Practice in the Use of Programme Theory in Reviews , 2015, PloS one.

[31]  Steven J. Taylor,et al.  Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource , 2015 .

[32]  Virginia Moyer,et al.  The US Preventive Services Task Force , 2015, North Carolina Medical Journal.

[33]  Gerta Rücker,et al.  Ranking treatments in frequentist network meta-analysis works without resampling methods , 2015, BMC Medical Research Methodology.

[34]  Sofia Dias,et al.  Extending Treatment Networks in Health Technology Assessment: How Far Should We Go? , 2015, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[35]  Mohammad Hassan Murad,et al.  A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis , 2015, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[36]  Kristian Thorlund,et al.  The PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-analyses of Health Care Interventions: Checklist and Explanations , 2015, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[37]  P. Shekelle,et al.  Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation , 2015, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[38]  P. Shekelle,et al.  Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement , 2015, Systematic Reviews.

[39]  Patricia McInerney,et al.  The Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers' manual 2015: methodology for JBI scoping reviews , 2015 .

[40]  Rhiannon K Owen,et al.  Network meta-analysis: development of a three-level hierarchical modeling approach incorporating dose-related constraints. , 2015, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[41]  Dimitris Mavridis,et al.  Characteristics of a loop of evidence that affect detection and estimation of inconsistency: a simulation study , 2014, BMC Medical Research Methodology.

[42]  P. Gøtzsche,et al.  Amphotericin B lipid soluble formulations versus amphotericin B in cancer patients with neutropenia. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[43]  P. Glasziou,et al.  Systematic review automation technologies , 2014, Systematic Reviews.

[44]  Anna Chaimani,et al.  Evaluating the Quality of Evidence from a Network Meta-Analysis , 2014, PloS one.

[45]  Deborah M Caldwell,et al.  Novel presentational approaches were developed for reporting network meta-analysis. , 2014, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[46]  Dan Jackson,et al.  A design-by-treatment interaction model for network meta-analysis with random inconsistency effects , 2014, Statistics in medicine.

[47]  Joseph C Cappelleri,et al.  Indirect treatment comparison/network meta-analysis study questionnaire to assess relevance and credibility to inform health care decision making: an ISPOR-AMCP-NPC Good Practice Task Force report. , 2014, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[48]  Christopher H. Schmid,et al.  Characteristics of Networks of Interventions: A Description of a Database of 186 Published Networks , 2014, PloS one.

[49]  David Moher,et al.  Reducing waste from incomplete or unusable reports of biomedical research , 2014, The Lancet.

[50]  Nicky J Welton,et al.  Treatment comparisons for decision making: facing the problems of sparse and few data , 2014 .

[51]  Nicky J Welton,et al.  Synthesis of evidence on heterogeneous interventions with multiple outcomes recorded over multiple follow‐up times reported inconsistently: a smoking cessation case‐study , 2014 .

[52]  R Yin,et al.  Case study research designs and methods , 2014 .

[53]  N. Busygina,et al.  Criteria for the evaluation of qualitative research , 2014 .

[54]  P. Tugwell,et al.  The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses , 2014 .

[55]  Harald Binder,et al.  Visualizing the flow of evidence in network meta‐analysis and characterizing mixed treatment comparisons , 2013, Statistics in medicine.

[56]  Catrin Tudur Smith,et al.  Assessing key assumptions of network meta‐analysis: a review of methods , 2013, Research synthesis methods.

[57]  M. Leeflang,et al.  Cochrane diagnostic test accuracy reviews , 2013, Systematic Reviews.

[58]  Panagiota Spyridonos,et al.  Graphical Tools for Network Meta-Analysis in STATA , 2013, PloS one.

[59]  S. Hopewell,et al.  Cochrane methods - twenty years experience in developing systematic review methods , 2013, Systematic Reviews.

[60]  Sylwia Bujkiewicz,et al.  Presentational approaches used in the UK for reporting evidence synthesis using indirect and mixed treatment comparisons , 2013, Journal of health services research & policy.

[61]  Cathal Walsh,et al.  Incorporating data from various trial designs into a mixed treatment comparison model , 2013, Statistics in medicine.

[62]  Andrea Cipriani,et al.  Conceptual and Technical Challenges in Network Meta-analysis , 2013, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[63]  Huseyin Naci,et al.  Is network meta-analysis as valid as standard pairwise meta-analysis? It all depends on the distribution of effect modifiers , 2013, BMC Medicine.

[64]  Alex J. Sutton,et al.  Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making 7 , 2013, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[65]  J. Cappelleri,et al.  Methods used to conduct and report Bayesian mixed treatment comparisons published in the medical literature: a systematic review , 2013, BMJ Open.

[66]  Tianjing Li,et al.  Citation of previous meta-analyses on the same topic: a clue to perpetuation of incorrect methods? , 2013, Ophthalmology.

[67]  Julian P T Higgins,et al.  Evaluation of inconsistency in networks of interventions. , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[68]  Dimitris Mavridis,et al.  A practical introduction to multivariate meta-analysis , 2013, Statistical methods in medical research.

[69]  Sally Hopewell,et al.  PRISMA for Abstracts: Reporting Systematic Reviews in Journal and Conference Abstracts , 2013, PLoS medicine.

[70]  Harald Binder,et al.  A graphical tool for locating inconsistency in network meta-analyses , 2013, BMC Medical Research Methodology.

[71]  Dimitris Mavridis,et al.  Network meta‐analysis models to account for variability in treatment definitions: application to dose effects , 2013, Statistics in medicine.

[72]  Hilary J Thomson,et al.  The effect direction plot: visual display of non-standardised effects across multiple outcome domains , 2012, Research synthesis methods.

[73]  R Perera,et al.  [Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus]. , 2010, Archivos de prevencion de riesgos laborales.

[74]  Gerta Rücker,et al.  Network meta‐analysis, electrical networks and graph theory , 2012, Research synthesis methods.

[75]  Fujian Song,et al.  Simulation evaluation of statistical properties of methods for indirect and mixed treatment comparisons , 2012, BMC Medical Research Methodology.

[76]  Nicky J Welton,et al.  Linear inference for mixed treatment comparison meta‐analysis: a two‐stage approach , 2012, Research Synthesis Methods.

[77]  Anna Chaimani,et al.  Using network meta‐analysis to evaluate the existence of small‐study effects in a network of interventions , 2012, Research synthesis methods.

[78]  Georgia Salanti,et al.  Indirect and mixed‐treatment comparison, network, or multiple‐treatments meta‐analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool , 2012, Research synthesis methods.

[79]  Dan Jackson,et al.  Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: model estimation using multivariate meta-regression‡ , 2012, Research synthesis methods.

[80]  AE Ades,et al.  Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies‡ , 2012, Research synthesis methods.

[81]  J. Dumville,et al.  Systematic review and mixed treatment comparison: dressings to heal diabetic foot ulcers , 2012, Diabetologia.

[82]  Simon G Thompson,et al.  Predicting the extent of heterogeneity in meta-analysis, using empirical data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 2012, International journal of epidemiology.

[83]  Anne Eisinga,et al.  A capture-recapture analysis demonstrated that randomized controlled trials evaluating the impact of diagnostic tests on patient outcomes are rare. , 2012, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[84]  J. Mason,et al.  Publication Bias in Clinical Trials and Economic Analyses , 1997, PharmacoEconomics.

[85]  F. Antoñanzas Transferability of Economic Evaluation Results , 2012, PharmacoEconomics.

[86]  Galit Shmueli,et al.  Fundamentals of Clinical Trials, 4th edition , 2012 .

[87]  Jason Madan,et al.  Consistency between direct and indirect trial evidence: is direct evidence always more reliable? , 2011, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[88]  Alex J Sutton,et al.  Inconsistency between direct and indirect comparisons of competing interventions: meta-epidemiological study , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[89]  Nicky J Welton,et al.  How valuable are multiple treatment comparison methods in evidence-based health-care evaluation? , 2011, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[90]  Richard D Riley,et al.  Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[91]  Georgia Salanti,et al.  Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. , 2011, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[92]  C. Allen,et al.  The Cochrane Collaboration: International activity within Cochrane Review Groups in the first decade of the twenty‐first century , 2011, Journal of evidence-based medicine.

[93]  Dan Jackson,et al.  Multivariate meta-analysis: Potential and promise , 2011, Statistics in medicine.

[94]  M Alan Brookhart,et al.  Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. , 2011, International journal of epidemiology.

[95]  Paula Williamson,et al.  Indirect Comparisons: A Review of Reporting and Methodological Quality , 2010, PloS one.

[96]  D. Levac,et al.  Scoping studies: advancing the methodology , 2010, Implementation science : IS.

[97]  H. Bastian,et al.  Seventy-Five Trials and Eleven Systematic Reviews a Day: How Will We Ever Keep Up? , 2010, PLoS medicine.

[98]  Deborah M Caldwell,et al.  Mixed treatment comparison analysis provides internally coherent treatment effect estimates based on overviews of reviews and can reveal inconsistency. , 2010, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[99]  M. Pittler Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta‐analysis in Context , 2010 .

[100]  S Dias,et al.  Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta‐analysis , 2010, Statistics in medicine.

[101]  Philipp Dahm,et al.  Evidence‐based urology in practice: when to believe a subgroup analysis? , 2010, BJU international.

[102]  Manal Awad Publication bias in clinical trials. , 2010, Journal.

[103]  J. Deeks,et al.  Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men. , 2011, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[104]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. , 2009, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[105]  Guobing Lu,et al.  Modeling between-trial variance structure in mixed treatment comparisons. , 2009, Biostatistics.

[106]  Erica L. Baker,et al.  Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Mixed‐Treatment Comparison Meta‐analysis , 2009, Pharmacotherapy.

[107]  Julian P T Higgins,et al.  A case study of multiple-treatments meta-analysis demonstrates that covariates should be considered. , 2009, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[108]  D. Moher,et al.  Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement , 2009, BMJ.

[109]  Sally Hopewell,et al.  Publication bias in clinical trials due to statistical significance or direction of trial results. , 2009, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[110]  David J Spiegelhalter,et al.  A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-analysis , 2009, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A,.

[111]  Julian P T Higgins,et al.  Meta-analysis of skewed data: Combining results reported on log-transformed or raw scales , 2008, Statistics in medicine.

[112]  Kristian Thorlund,et al.  Attention should be given to multiplicity issues in systematic reviews. , 2008, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[113]  S. Hardesty,et al.  Evidence-Based Clinical Practice in Nursing and Health Care: Assimilating Research, Experience and Expertise , 2008 .

[114]  Georgia Salanti,et al.  Evaluation of networks of randomized trials , 2008, Statistical methods in medical research.

[115]  J. H. Stapleton Simultaneous Confidence Intervals , 2008 .

[116]  Steffen Fieuws,et al.  Network meta-analysis: simultaneous meta-analysis of common antiplatelet regimens after transient ischaemic attack or stroke. , 2008, European heart journal.

[117]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  GrADe : what is “ quality of evidence ” and why is it important to clinicians ? rATING quALITY of evIDeNCe AND STreNGTH of reCommeNDATIoNS , 2022 .

[118]  G. Guyatt,et al.  GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[119]  Douglas G. Altman,et al.  Statistical Methods for Examining Heterogeneity and Combining Results from Several Studies in Meta‐Analysis , 2008 .

[120]  Douglas G. Altman,et al.  Effect Measures for Meta‒Analysis of Trials with Binary Outcomes , 2008 .

[121]  Elizabeth Waters,et al.  Improving the reporting of public health intervention research: advancing TREND and CONSORT. , 2008, Journal of public health.

[122]  Nicky J Welton,et al.  Allowing for uncertainty due to missing data in meta‐analysis—Part 2: Hierarchical models , 2008, Statistics in medicine.

[123]  Ian R White,et al.  Allowing for uncertainty due to missing data in meta‐analysis—Part 1: Two‐stage methods , 2008, Statistics in medicine.

[124]  Gerta Rücker,et al.  Arcsine test for publication bias in meta‐analyses with binary outcomes , 2008, Statistics in medicine.

[125]  David Ogilvie,et al.  Bmc Medical Research Methodology Open Access the Harvest Plot: a Method for Synthesising Evidence about the Differential Effects of Interventions , 2008 .

[126]  Jian-ping Liu,et al.  [Qualitative research and evidence-based medicine]. , 2008, Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine.

[127]  P. Garner,et al.  Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[128]  P. Williamson,et al.  A comparison of methods for fixed effects meta-analysis of individual patient data with time to event outcomes , 2007, Clinical trials.

[129]  Catherine Pope,et al.  Qualitative methods in health research , 2007 .

[130]  Alex J Sutton,et al.  Performance of the trim and fill method in the presence of publication bias and between‐study heterogeneity , 2007, Statistics in medicine.

[131]  S. Pocock,et al.  The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. , 2007, Preventive medicine.

[132]  S. Pocock,et al.  Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration , 2007, PLoS medicine.

[133]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Systematic reviewers neglect bias that results from trials stopped early for benefit. , 2007, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[134]  M. Aalabaf-Sabaghi Decision modelling for health economic evaluation , 2007, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[135]  Ezekiel Uba Nwose,et al.  The Lancet Handbook of Essential Concepts in Clinical Research , 2007 .

[136]  Peter C Gøtzsche,et al.  Data extraction errors in meta-analyses that use standardized mean differences. , 2007, JAMA.

[137]  H. Dolk,et al.  Therapeutic touch for anxiety disorders. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[138]  E. Cobo,et al.  Discordance between reported intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses. , 2007, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[139]  P. Glasziou,et al.  A systematic review of the routine monitoring of growth in children of primary school age to identify growth-related conditions. , 2007, Health technology assessment.

[140]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  An exploratory test for an excess of significant findings , 2007, Clinical trials.

[141]  P. Tugwell,et al.  Assessing equity in clinical practice guidelines. , 2007, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[142]  Ana Marusic,et al.  Clinical trial registration: looking back and moving ahead , 2007, The Lancet.

[143]  R. Haynes,et al.  Search Strategies for Identifying Qualitative Studies in CINAHL , 2007, Qualitative health research.

[144]  E. von Elm,et al.  Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[145]  E. Akl,et al.  Oral anticoagulation for prolonging survival in patients with cancer. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[146]  M Egger,et al.  Grey literature in meta-analyses of randomized trials of health care interventions. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[147]  G. Waddell,et al.  Surgical interventions for lumbar disc prolapse. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[148]  L. Stewart,et al.  Time to publication for results of clinical trials. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[149]  Thomas A Trikalinos,et al.  The appropriateness of asymmetry tests for publication bias in meta-analyses: a large survey , 2007, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[150]  I. White,et al.  Eliciting and using expert opinions about dropout bias in randomized controlled trials , 2007, Clinical trials.

[151]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  Evidence from crossover trials: empirical evaluation and comparison against parallel arm trials. , 2007, International journal of epidemiology.

[152]  D. Anthony Evidence-based Policy: A Realist Perspective , 2007 .

[153]  David Moher,et al.  Epidemiology and Reporting Characteristics of Systematic Reviews , 2007, PLoS medicine.

[154]  Guido Schwarzer,et al.  A test for publication bias in meta‐analysis with sparse binary data , 2007, Statistics in medicine.

[155]  Paul Glasziou,et al.  When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[156]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Association between unreported outcomes and effect size estimates in Cochrane meta-analyses. , 2007, JAMA.

[157]  Jennie Popay,et al.  Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis: how can a systematic review of qualitative research contribute to improving services? A qualitative meta-synthesis. , 2007, Journal of advanced nursing.

[158]  Jonathan J Deeks,et al.  Much ado about nothing: a comparison of the performance of meta‐analytical methods with rare events , 2007, Statistics in medicine.

[159]  Catherine Law,et al.  Worked examples of alternative methods for the synthesis of qualitative and quantitative research in systematic reviews , 2007, BMC medical research methodology.

[160]  David R. Jones,et al.  Appraising qualitative research for inclusion in systematic reviews: a quantitative and qualitative comparison of three methods , 2007, Journal of health services research & policy.

[161]  A. Molyneux,et al.  Findings of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial and the National Study of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage in context , 2007, British journal of neurosurgery.

[162]  Andrew Briggs,et al.  The credibility of health economic models for health policy decision-making: the case of population screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm , 2007, Journal of health services research & policy.

[163]  C. Webb,et al.  Reviewing Research Evidence for Nursing Practice , 2007 .

[164]  Prem Chandra,et al.  META ANALYSIS: WHAT, WHY AND HOW , 2007 .

[165]  P. Tugwell,et al.  School feeding for improving the physical and psychosocial health of disadvantaged elementary school children. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[166]  Kate Flemming,et al.  Electronic searching to locate qualitative research: evaluation of three strategies. , 2007, Journal of advanced nursing.

[167]  R. Nelson,et al.  Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[168]  A Eisinga,et al.  Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[169]  Andrew D Oxman,et al.  Health Research Policy and Systems BioMed Central Review Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 13. Applicability, transferability and adaptation , 2006 .

[170]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Combining scores from different patient reported outcome measures in meta-analyses: when is it justified? , 2006, Health and quality of life outcomes.

[171]  Emma Irvin,et al.  Limited search strategies were effective in finding relevant nonrandomized studies. , 2006, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[172]  R Brian Haynes,et al.  Developing Optimal Search Strategies for Retrieving Qualitative Studies in PsycINFO , 2006, Evaluation & the health professions.

[173]  Roger M Harbord,et al.  A modified test for small‐study effects in meta‐analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints , 2006, Statistics in medicine.

[174]  P. Asaria,et al.  Measles in the United Kingdom: can we eradicate it by 2010? , 2006, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[175]  B. Reeves Parachute approach to evidence based medicine: As obvious as ABC , 2006, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[176]  Julie Glanville,et al.  How to formulate research recommendations , 2006, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[177]  Andrew Booth,et al.  "Brimful of STARLITE": toward standards for reporting literature searches. , 2006, Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA.

[178]  D. Sackett,et al.  Methods of Blinding in Reports of Randomized Controlled Trials Assessing Pharmacologic Treatments: A Systematic Review , 2006, PLoS medicine.

[179]  J. Sayre,et al.  Evidence of publication bias in reporting acute stroke clinical trials , 2006, Neurology.

[180]  Michael K Gould,et al.  An official ATS statement: grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in ATS guidelines and recommendations. , 2006, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[181]  Grazyna Adamiak,et al.  Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes, 3rd ed , 2006 .

[182]  Cynthia Fraser,et al.  Identifying observational studies of surgical interventions in MEDLINE and EMBASE , 2006, BMC medical research methodology.

[183]  Jennie Popay,et al.  Extending systematic reviews to include evidence on implementation: methodological work on a review of community-based initiatives to prevent injuries. , 2006, Social science & medicine.

[184]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Meta‐analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids , 2006, The British journal of surgery.

[185]  M. Dixon-Woods,et al.  Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups , 2006 .

[186]  Guido Schwarzer,et al.  The demise of the randomised controlled trial: bibliometric study of the German-language health care literature, 1948 to 2004 , 2006, BMC medical research methodology.

[187]  Jeremy M Grimshaw,et al.  Does updating improve the methodological and reporting quality of systematic reviews? , 2006, BMC medical research methodology.

[188]  D. Neal,et al.  Diagnostic tests and algorithms used in the investigation of haematuria: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. , 2006, Health technology assessment.

[189]  I. Sim,et al.  Clinical trial registration: transparency is the watchword , 2006, The Lancet.

[190]  Su Golder,et al.  Identifying systematic reviews of the adverse effects of health care interventions , 2006, BMC medical research methodology.

[191]  Betsy Jane Becker,et al.  Failsafe N or File‐Drawer Number , 2006 .

[192]  A. Hrõbjartsson,et al.  Constraints on publication rights in industry-initiated clinical trials. , 2006, JAMA.

[193]  Russell E. Glasgow,et al.  External validity: We need to do more , 2006 .

[194]  Kelly Russell,et al.  The Cochrane Library and nocturnal enuresis; an umbrella review , 2006 .

[195]  A. Carter,et al.  A survey identified publication bias in the secondary literature. , 2006, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[196]  S. Golder,et al.  Developing efficient search strategies to identify reports of adverse effects in MEDLINE and EMBASE. , 2006, Health information and libraries journal.

[197]  J. Hiller,et al.  Applicability and transferability of interventions in evidence-based public health. , 2006, Health promotion international.

[198]  Russell E. Glasgow,et al.  Evaluating the Relevance, Generalization, and Applicability of Research , 2006, Evaluation & the health professions.

[199]  John P.A. Ioannidis,et al.  Comparison of evidence on harms of medical interventions in randomized and nonrandomized studies , 2006, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[200]  J. Vandenbroucke What is the best evidence for determining harms of medical treatment? , 2006, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[201]  Dan Greenberg,et al.  Bias in published cost effectiveness studies: systematic review , 2006, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[202]  A. Sutton,et al.  Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis. , 2006, JAMA.

[203]  David R. Jones,et al.  How can systematic reviews incorporate qualitative research? A critical perspective , 2006 .

[204]  Stefan Leucht,et al.  Why olanzapine beats risperidone, risperidone beats quetiapine, and quetiapine beats olanzapine: an exploratory analysis of head-to-head comparison studies of second-generation antipsychotics. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[205]  Gordon Guyatt,et al.  An emerging consensus on grading recommendations? , 2006, ACP journal club.

[206]  S. Golder,et al.  Bmc Medical Research Methodology Open Access Room for Improvement? a Survey of the Methods Used in Systematic Reviews of Adverse Effects , 2006 .

[207]  A. Marson,et al.  Lamotrigine versus carbamazepine monotherapy for epilepsy. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[208]  P. Gøtzsche,et al.  Voriconazole versus amphotericin B in cancer patients with neutropenia. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[209]  P. Gøtzsche,et al.  Flaws in design, analysis and interpretation of Pfizer's antifungal trials of voriconazole and uncritical subsequent quotations , 2006, Trials.

[210]  J. Aronson,et al.  Case reports of suspected adverse drug reactions—systematic literature survey of follow-up , 2006, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[211]  Leslie A. Walters,et al.  Developing Optimal Search Strategies for Retrieving Clinically Relevant Qualitative Studies in EMBASE , 2006, Qualitative health research.

[212]  Catherine Pope,et al.  Moving Beyond Effectiveness in evidence Synthesis: methodological issues in the synthesis of diverse sources of evidence , 2006 .

[213]  Uk Cochrane International Activity in Cochrane Review Groups With Particular Reference to China , 2006 .

[214]  R J Harvey,et al.  Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[215]  Andrew J Vickers,et al.  How to Randomize , 2004 .

[216]  D. Ghersi,et al.  A proposed protocol for the development of a register of trials of weight management of childhood overweight and obesity , 2006, International Journal of Obesity.

[217]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an american college of chest physicians task force. , 2006, Chest.

[218]  Sally Hung-Hsin Lee,et al.  Use of the two-stage procedure for analysis of cross-over trials in four aspects of medical statistics , 2006 .

[219]  T. Lancaster,et al.  Workplace interventions for smoking cessation. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[220]  Julia Brown,et al.  Minimization—reducing predictability for multi‐centre trials whilst retaining balance within centre , 2005, Statistics in medicine.

[221]  Keith R Abrams,et al.  Meta‐analysis of heterogeneously reported trials assessing change from baseline , 2005, Statistics in medicine.

[222]  Nicholas C. Ide,et al.  Trial Registration at ClinicalTrials.gov between May and October 2005. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[223]  M. Petticrew,et al.  Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide , 2005 .

[224]  I. Boutron,et al.  A review of blinding in randomized controlled trials found results inconsistent and questionable. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[225]  James Christie,et al.  Economic evaluation databases as an aid to healthcare decision makers and researchers , 2005, Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research.

[226]  Carol M Woods,et al.  Publication bias in research synthesis: sensitivity analysis using a priori weight functions. , 2005, Psychological methods.

[227]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: a systematic review. , 2005, JAMA.

[228]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Systematically reviewing qualitative studies complements survey design: an exploratory study of barriers to paediatric immunisations. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[229]  K. Wilson,et al.  Systematic review of qualitative studies exploring parental beliefs and attitudes toward childhood vaccination identifies common barriers to vaccination. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[230]  T. Greenhalgh,et al.  Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[231]  Deborah M Caldwell,et al.  Simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments: combining direct and indirect evidence , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[232]  D. Altman,et al.  Outcome selection bias in meta-analysis , 2005, Statistical methods in medical research.

[233]  Keith Abrams,et al.  Use of evidence in decision models: an appraisal of health technology assessments in the UK since 1997 , 2005, Journal of health services research & policy.

[234]  Christopher H Schmid,et al.  In an empirical evaluation of the funnel plot, researchers could not visually identify publication bias. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[235]  Rick Wiechula,et al.  The JBI model of evidence-based healthcare. , 2005, International journal of evidence-based healthcare.

[236]  David Moher,et al.  Language of publication restrictions in systematic reviews gave different results depending on whether the intervention was conventional or complementary. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[237]  M. Aguilar,et al.  Oral anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[238]  Karen Golden-Biddle,et al.  Towards systematic reviews that inform health care management and policy-making , 2005, Journal of health services research & policy.

[239]  Trisha Greenhalgh,et al.  Storylines of research in diffusion of innovation: a meta-narrative approach to systematic review. , 2005, Social science & medicine.

[240]  Catherine Pope,et al.  Resisting medicines: a synthesis of qualitative studies of medicine taking. , 2005, Social science & medicine.

[241]  J. Popay,et al.  Systematically reviewing qualitative and quantitative evidence to inform management and policy-making in the health field , 2005, Journal of health services research & policy.

[242]  D G Altman,et al.  Indirect comparisons of competing interventions. , 2005, Health technology assessment.

[243]  D. Williamson,et al.  A structured review of randomized controlled trials of weight loss showed little improvement in health-related quality of life. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[244]  Mark C Simmonds,et al.  Meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials: a review of methods used in practice , 2005, Clinical trials.

[245]  J. Popay,et al.  It might work in Oklahoma but will it work in Oakhampton? Context and implementation in the effectiveness literature on domestic smoke detectors , 2005, Injury Prevention.

[246]  C. Gamble,et al.  Identification and impact of outcome selection bias in meta‐analysis , 2005, Statistics in medicine.

[247]  Paula R Williamson,et al.  Investigating heterogeneity in an individual patient data meta‐analysis of time to event outcomes , 2005, Statistics in medicine.

[248]  A. Ormerod,et al.  Compulsory registration of clinical trials , 2005, The British journal of dermatology.

[249]  Vance W Berger,et al.  Quantifying the Magnitude of Baseline Covariate Imbalances Resulting from Selection Bias in Randomized Clinical Trials , 2005, Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift.

[250]  D. Torgerson,et al.  Differential recruitment in a cluster randomized trial in primary care: the experience of the UK Back pain, Exercise, Active management and Manipulation (UK BEAM) feasibility study , 2005, Clinical trials.

[251]  Ian R White,et al.  Standardized mean differences in individually-randomized and cluster-randomized trials, with applications to meta-analysis , 2005, Clinical trials.

[252]  H. D. de Vet,et al.  Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: Consensus on Health Economic Criteria , 2005, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[253]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Epidemiology and reporting of randomised trials published in PubMed journals , 2005, The Lancet.

[254]  P. Bower,et al.  Impact of participant and physician intervention preferences on randomized trials: a systematic review. , 2005, JAMA.

[255]  S. Hahn,et al.  Methodological bias in cluster randomised trials , 2005, BMC medical research methodology.

[256]  V Demicheli,et al.  Assessment of the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in healthy children: systematic review , 2005, The Lancet.

[257]  K. W. Harris,et al.  The Guide to Community Preventive Services , 2005 .

[258]  H. Arksey,et al.  Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework , 2005 .

[259]  D. Altman,et al.  Identifying outcome reporting bias in randomised trials on PubMed: review of publications and survey of authors , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[260]  J. Bestall,et al.  Beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma , 2005 .

[261]  S. Thompson,et al.  Clustering by health professional in individually randomised trials , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[262]  S. McDonald,et al.  Cochrane Collaboration: more than systematic reviews? , 2005, Internal medicine journal.

[263]  G. Guyatt,et al.  A randomised trial to evaluate the self-administered standardised chronic respiratory questionnaire , 2005, European Respiratory Journal.

[264]  Luc Côté,et al.  Appraising qualitative research articles in medicine and medical education , 2005, Medical teacher.

[265]  Lesley A Stewart,et al.  Investigating patient exclusion bias in meta-analysis. , 2004, International journal of epidemiology.

[266]  M. Mahoney Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system , 1977, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[267]  M. A. Best Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health‐Care Evaluation , 2005 .

[268]  H. McIntosh,et al.  Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treating uncomplicated malaria. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[269]  N. Olchanski,et al.  Growth and quality of the cost-utility literature, 1976-2001. , 2005, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[270]  Jeffrey K Aronson,et al.  Clarification of Terminology in Drug Safety , 2005, Drug safety.

[271]  Mary Dixon-Woods,et al.  Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: a review of possible methods. , 2005, Journal of health services research & policy.

[272]  Martina Garau,et al.  Comparing estimates of cost effectiveness submitted to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) by different organisations: retrospective study , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[273]  M. Egger,et al.  Risk of cardiovascular events and rofecoxib: cumulative meta-analysis , 2004, The Lancet.

[274]  J. Stoner Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research , 2004 .

[275]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  An observational study found that authors of randomized controlled trials frequently use concealment of randomization and blinding, despite the failure to report these methods. , 2004, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[276]  M. Sandelowski,et al.  Qualitative Metasynthesis: Reflections on Methodological Orientation and Ideological Agenda , 2004, Qualitative health research.

[277]  F. Pang,et al.  Generalisability in economic evaluation studies in healthcare: a review and case studies. , 2004, Health technology assessment.

[278]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  Better Reporting of Harms in Randomized Trials: An Extension of the CONSORT Statement , 2004, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[279]  G. Lu,et al.  Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons , 2004, Statistics in medicine.

[280]  P Sandercock,et al.  In-hospital care pathways for stroke. , 2004, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[281]  V. McCormack,et al.  Issues in the reporting of epidemiological studies: a survey of recent practice , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[282]  M. Bhandari,et al.  Systematic Reviews of Nonrandomized Clinical Studies in the Orthopaedic Literature , 2004, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[283]  Factors influencing the publication of randomized controlled trials in child health research. , 2004, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[284]  D. Altman,et al.  Outcome reporting bias in randomized trials funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research , 2004, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[285]  Alan Shiell,et al.  Methods for exploring implementation variation and local context within a cluster randomised community intervention trial , 2004, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[286]  M Sculpher,et al.  Review of guidelines for good practice in decision-analytic modelling in health technology assessment. , 2004, Health technology assessment.

[287]  Sandy Oliver,et al.  Applying systematic review methods to studies of people’s views: an example from public health research , 2004, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[288]  Ian R White,et al.  Are missing outcome data adequately handled? A review of published randomized controlled trials in major medical journals , 2004, Clinical trials.

[289]  B. Reeves,et al.  Guidelines for Reporting Non-Randomised Studies , 2004, Complementary Medicine Research.

[290]  Anne-Marie Bagnall,et al.  Assessing harmful effects in systematic Reviews , 2004, BMC medical research methodology.

[291]  Bruce M Psaty,et al.  Detection, verification, and quantification of adverse drug reactions , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[292]  Julian P T Higgins,et al.  Controlling the risk of spurious findings from meta‐regression , 2004, Statistics in medicine.

[293]  M. Petticrew,et al.  Reducing social inequalities in smoking: can evidence inform policy? A pilot study , 2004, Tobacco Control.

[294]  J. A. Smith,et al.  The problem of appraising qualitative research , 2004, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[295]  A. Hrõbjartsson,et al.  Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: comparison of protocols to published articles. , 2004, JAMA.

[296]  Jan P Vandenbroucke,et al.  When are observational studies as credible as randomised trials? , 2004, The Lancet.

[297]  Alexander J Sutton,et al.  What to add to nothing? Use and avoidance of continuity corrections in meta-analysis of sparse data. , 2004, Statistics in medicine.

[298]  J. Aronson,et al.  A comparison of three different sources of data in assessing the frequencies of adverse reactions to amiodarone. , 2004, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[299]  Sandy Oliver,et al.  Integrating qualitative research with trials in systematic reviews , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[300]  Tina Miller,et al.  Finding qualitative research: an evaluation of search strategies , 2004, BMC medical research methodology.

[301]  Alan Pearson,et al.  Balancing the evidence: incorporating the synthesis of qualitative data into systematic reviews , 2004 .

[302]  M. Grant How does your searching grow? A survey of search preferences and the use of optimal search strategies in the identification of qualitative research. , 2004, Health information and libraries journal.

[303]  A. Donner,et al.  Pitfalls of and controversies in cluster randomization trials. , 2004, American journal of public health.

[304]  Opher Caspi,et al.  Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. , 2004, Alternative therapies in health and medicine.

[305]  B. Crisp,et al.  The sustainability of health promotion interventions for different levels of social organization. , 2004, Health promotion international.

[306]  Emil H Schemitsch,et al.  Association between industry funding and statistically significant pro-industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. , 2004, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[307]  Deborah Ashby,et al.  Lessons for cluster randomized trials in the twenty-first century: a systematic review of trials in primary care , 2004, Clinical trials.

[308]  Paul Glasziou,et al.  Assessing the quality of research , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[309]  D. Goldfarb Patients at the centre: in our practice, and in our use of language , 2004, ACP journal club.

[310]  Kathleenl N. Lohr,et al.  Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: Attributes and review criteria , 2002, Quality of Life Research.

[311]  R. Kaplan Health status and health policy: Quality of life in health care evaluation and resource allocation , 1994, Quality of Life Research.

[312]  Rex B. Kline,et al.  Beyond Significance Testing: Reforming Data Analysis Methods in Behavioral Research , 2004 .

[313]  P. Gøtzsche,et al.  Multiple publication of reports of drug trials , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[314]  G. Raskob,et al.  Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. , 2004, Chest.

[315]  R. Brian Haynes,et al.  Developing Optimal Search Strategies for Detecting Clinically Relevant Qualitative Studies in MEDLINE , 2004, MedInfo.

[316]  David J Spiegelhalter,et al.  Bayesian approaches to multiple sources of evidence and uncertainty in complex cost‐effectiveness modelling , 2003, Statistics in medicine.

[317]  W. Kelly The Quality of Published Adverse Drug Event Reports , 2003, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[318]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Evaluation of the minimal important difference for the feeling thermometer and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. , 2003, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[319]  J. Byles,et al.  Using socioeconomic evidence in clinical practice guidelines , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[320]  Anastasia Ivanova,et al.  Minimizing predictability while retaining balance through the use of less restrictive randomization procedures , 2003, Statistics in medicine.

[321]  D. Torgerson,et al.  Evidence for risk of bias in cluster randomised trials: review of recent trials published in three general medical journals , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[322]  David Moher,et al.  Should meta-analysts search Embase in addition to Medline? , 2003, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[323]  Nicholas J Wald,et al.  Teleoanalysis: combining data from different types of study , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[324]  F. Song,et al.  Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. , 2003, Health technology assessment.

[325]  Ingram Olkin,et al.  Adjusting for publication bias in the presence of heterogeneity , 2003, Statistics in medicine.

[326]  R. Moore,et al.  Oral valdecoxib and injected parecoxib for acute postoperative pain: a quantitative systematic review , 2003, BMC anesthesiology.

[327]  Margarete Sandelowski,et al.  Creating Metasummaries of Qualitative Findings , 2003, Nursing research.

[328]  Susan Mallett,et al.  How many Cochrane reviews are needed to cover existing evidence on the effects of healthcare interventions? , 2003, ACP journal club.

[329]  H Roberts,et al.  Evidence, hierarchies, and typologies: horses for courses , 2003, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[330]  B. Beermann,et al.  Evidence b(i)ased medicine—selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[331]  B. Djulbegovic,et al.  Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[332]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Analysis and reporting of factorial trials: a systematic review. , 2003, JAMA.

[333]  G. Norman,et al.  Interpretation of Changes in Health-related Quality of Life: The Remarkable Universality of Half a Standard Deviation , 2003, Medical care.

[334]  Margarete Sandelowski,et al.  The Challenges of Searching for and Retrieving Qualitative Studies , 2003, Western journal of nursing research.

[335]  M. Fredericks,et al.  The Nature of “Evidence” in Qualitative Research Methods , 2003 .

[336]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Validity of indirect comparison for estimating efficacy of competing interventions: empirical evidence from published meta-analyses , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[337]  Dorothy Horsburgh,et al.  Evaluation of qualitative research. , 2003, Journal of clinical nursing.

[338]  T. Louis,et al.  DSMB case study: decision making when a similar clinical trial is stopped early. , 2003, Controlled clinical trials.

[339]  Jenny Donovan,et al.  Evaluating meta-ethnography: a synthesis of qualitative research on lay experiences of diabetes and diabetes care. , 2003, Social science & medicine.

[340]  J. Grimshaw,et al.  Research designs for studies evaluating the effectiveness of change and improvement strategies , 2003, Quality & safety in health care.

[341]  Max H Pittler,et al.  Kava extract versus placebo for treating anxiety , 2003 .

[342]  Tim Evans,et al.  Road traffic crashes: operationalizing equity in the context of health sector reform , 2003, Injury control and safety promotion.

[343]  Lesley A Stewart,et al.  PUBLICATION BIAS AND META-ANALYSES , 2003, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[344]  S. Macintyre Evaluating the evidence on measures to reduce inequalities in health , 2003 .

[345]  E. Salpeter,et al.  Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2003, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[346]  T P Klassen,et al.  The inclusion of reports of randomised trials published in languages other than English in systematic reviews. , 2003, Health technology assessment.

[347]  Lucy Dillon,et al.  Quality in qualitative evaluation: A framework for assessing research evidence. A quality framework. , 2003 .

[348]  J. Sterne,et al.  How important are comprehensive literature searches and the assessment of trial quality in systematic reviews? Empirical study. , 2003, Health technology assessment.

[349]  Milton C Weinstein,et al.  Principles of good practice for decision analytic modeling in health-care evaluation: report of the ISPOR Task Force on Good Research Practices--Modeling Studies. , 2003, Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research.

[350]  Keith R Abrams,et al.  Factors affecting uptake of childhood immunisation: a Bayesian synthesis of qualitative and quantitative evidence , 2002, The Lancet.

[351]  Allan Donner,et al.  Issues in the meta‐analysis of cluster randomized trials , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[352]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Post-randomisation exclusions: the intention to treat principle and excluding patients from analysis , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[353]  I. Kawachi,et al.  A glossary for health inequalities , 2002, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[354]  S. Hahn,et al.  Investigation of within-study selective reporting in clinical research: follow-up of applications submitted to a local research ethics committee. , 2002, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[355]  G. Guyatt,et al.  In the dark: the reporting of blinding status in randomized controlled trials. , 2002, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[356]  Helen Lambert,et al.  Anthropology in health research: from qualitative methods to multidisciplinarity , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[357]  Ray Pawson,et al.  Evidence-based Policy: The Promise of `Realist Synthesis' , 2002 .

[358]  David Evans,et al.  Database searches for qualitative research. , 2002, Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA.

[359]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Statistical methods for assessing the influence of study characteristics on treatment effects in ‘meta‐epidemiological’ research , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[360]  Jonathan J Deeks,et al.  Issues in the selection of a summary statistic for meta‐analysis of clinical trials with binary outcomes , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[361]  S. Thompson,et al.  Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[362]  S. Thompson,et al.  How should meta‐regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[363]  Ethan M Balk,et al.  Correlation of quality measures with estimates of treatment effect in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. , 2002, JAMA.

[364]  D. Rennie,et al.  Publication bias in editorial decision making. , 2002, JAMA.

[365]  C. Pope,et al.  Qualitative methods in research on healthcare quality , 2002, Quality & safety in health care.

[366]  Barbara Starfield,et al.  Annotated Bibliography on Equity in Health, 1980-2001 , 2002 .

[367]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  Methods to explain the clinical significance of health status measures. , 2002, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[368]  Kenneth F Schulz,et al.  For Personal Use. Only Reproduce with Permission from the Lancet Publishing Group. Trialists Rely on the Security of Unpredictability. in the Forcing Cosmetic Credibility Unequal Group Sizes in Randomised Trials: Guarding against Guessing , 2022 .

[369]  B. J. Bailey,et al.  Duplicate Publication in the Field of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , 2002, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[370]  L. Stewart,et al.  To IPD or not to IPD? , 2002, Evaluation & the health professions.

[371]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  Clinical expertise in the era of evidence-based medicine and patient choice , 2002, ACP journal club.

[372]  Kenneth F Schulz,et al.  Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what , 2002, The Lancet.

[373]  Kenneth F Schulz,et al.  Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering , 2002, The Lancet.

[374]  Harold I Feldman,et al.  Individual patient‐ versus group‐level data meta‐regressions for the investigation of treatment effect modifiers: ecological bias rears its ugly head , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[375]  Kenneth F Schulz,et al.  Generation of allocation sequences in randomised trials: chance, not choice , 2002, The Lancet.

[376]  I. Chalmers,et al.  The Landscape and Lexicon of Blinding in Randomized Trials , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[377]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.

[378]  Peter Jüni,et al.  Direction and impact of language bias in meta-analyses of controlled trials: empirical study. , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.

[379]  E. Vermeire,et al.  The critical appraisal of focus group research articles , 2002 .

[380]  L. Kumaranayake,et al.  Cost-effectiveness analysis and priority setting: global approach without local meaning? , 2002 .

[381]  M. Mugford,et al.  From effectiveness to efficiency: an introduction to evidence-based health economics in systematic review , 2002 .

[382]  Jürgen Windeler,et al.  Intention‐to‐treat: methods for dealing with missing values in clinical trials of progressively deteriorating diseases , 2001, Statistics in medicine.

[383]  Christian Gluud,et al.  Reported Methodologic Quality and Discrepancies between Large and Small Randomized Trials in Meta-Analyses , 2001, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[384]  R M Turner,et al.  Multilevel models for meta-analysis, and their application to absolute risk differences , 2001, Statistical methods in medical research.

[385]  S Greenland,et al.  On the bias produced by quality scores in meta-analysis, and a hierarchical view of proposed solutions. , 2001, Biostatistics.

[386]  M Dixon-Woods,et al.  Qualitative research in systematic reviews , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[387]  A. Moxey,et al.  Agreement between randomized and non-randomized studies: the effects of bias and confounding , 2001 .

[388]  A Donner,et al.  Statistical methods for the meta-analysis of cluster randomization trials , 2001, Statistical methods in medical research.

[389]  J. Sterne,et al.  Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. , 2001, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[390]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Effect of arterial revascularisation on survival: a systematic review of studies comparing bilateral and single internal mammary arteries , 2001, The Lancet.

[391]  Kristin G. Esterberg,et al.  Qualitative Methods in Social Research , 2001 .

[392]  J. Aronson,et al.  BMC Medical Research Methodology BioMed Central BMC 1 2001, Medical Research Methodology , 2001 .

[393]  A Whitehead,et al.  Meta‐analysis of ordinal outcomes using individual patient data , 2001, Statistics in medicine.

[394]  A Whitehead,et al.  Meta‐analysis of continuous outcome data from individual patients , 2001, Statistics in medicine.

[395]  K. Malterud Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines , 2001, The Lancet.

[396]  K. Schechtman,et al.  The effects of exercise on the quality of life of frail older adults: A preplanned meta-analysis of the FICSIT trials , 2001, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[397]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. , 2001, BMJ.

[398]  Andrew J Vickers,et al.  The use of percentage change from baseline as an outcome in a controlled trial is statistically inefficient: a simulation study , 2001, BMC medical research methodology.

[399]  Steff Lewis,et al.  Forest plots: trying to see the wood and the trees , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[400]  Sally Thorne,et al.  Meta-Study of Qualitative Health Research: A Practical Guide to Meta-Analysis and Meta-Synthesis , 2001 .

[401]  Rosaline S Barbour,et al.  Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of the tail wagging the dog? , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[402]  M. Dixon-Woods,et al.  Including qualitative research in systematic reviews: opportunities and problems. , 2001, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[403]  D. Moher,et al.  The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials. , 2001, Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association.

[404]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Physician interpretations and textbook definitions of blinding terminology in randomized controlled trials. , 2001, JAMA.

[405]  D. Moher,et al.  The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials , 2001, The Lancet.

[406]  S. Lange,et al.  Adjusting for multiple testing--when and how? , 2001, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[407]  S D Walter,et al.  A comparison of methods to detect publication bias in meta‐analysis , 2001, Statistics in medicine.

[408]  M. Trip,et al.  Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial , 2001, The Lancet.

[409]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  Completeness of safety reporting in randomized trials: an evaluation of 7 medical areas. , 2001, JAMA.

[410]  M. Roncaglioni Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general Practice , 2001, The Lancet.

[411]  Mark Petticrew,et al.  Systematic reviews from astronomy to zoology: myths and misconceptions , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[412]  M. Giacomini,et al.  The rocky road: qualitative research as evidence , 2001, ACP journal club.

[413]  D. Thompson,et al.  Cochrane Review : Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists , 2017 .

[414]  C. Codina,et al.  The use of evidence in pharmacovigilance. Case reports as the reference source for drug withdrawals. , 2001, European journal of clinical pharmacology.

[415]  K R Abrams,et al.  Bayesian methods in meta-analysis and evidence synthesis. , 2001, Statistical methods in medical research.

[416]  M. Hyland,et al.  A comparison of three disease-specific and two generic health-status measures to evaluate the outcome of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD. , 2001, Respiratory medicine.

[417]  E. Waters,et al.  Interventions for preventing obesity in children. , 2001, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[418]  W. Shadish,et al.  Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference , 2001 .

[419]  S. Bell-Syer,et al.  Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[420]  Leigh-Ann Topfer,et al.  Etext on Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Information Resources , 2000 .

[421]  H Goldstein,et al.  A multilevel model framework for meta-analysis of clinical trials with binary outcomes. , 2000, Statistics in medicine.

[422]  R. Bellomo,et al.  Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial , 2000, The Lancet.

[423]  Gerd Gigerenzer,et al.  Communicating Statistical Information , 2000, Science.

[424]  Alex J. Sutton,et al.  Methods for Meta-Analysis in Medical Research , 2000 .

[425]  J Savage,et al.  Ethnography and health care , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[426]  J. Sterne,et al.  Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. , 2000, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[427]  I. Pavord,et al.  Sputum eosinophilia and short-term response to prednisolone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial , 2000, The Lancet.

[428]  P. Tugwell,et al.  Does the inclusion of grey literature influence estimates of intervention effectiveness reported in meta-analyses? , 2000, The Lancet.

[429]  Allan Donner,et al.  Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research , 2001 .

[430]  A. Laupacis,et al.  WHAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN META-ANALYSES? , 2000, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[431]  Andrew Thomas,et al.  WinBUGS - A Bayesian modelling framework: Concepts, structure, and extensibility , 2000, Stat. Comput..

[432]  S. Maxwell,et al.  The proof of the pudding: an illustration of the relative strengths of null hypothesis, meta-analysis, and Bayesian analysis. , 2000, Psychological methods.

[433]  A R Jadad,et al.  What contributions do languages other than English make on the results of meta-analyses? , 2000, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[434]  I Olkin,et al.  Heterogeneity and statistical significance in meta-analysis: an empirical study of 125 meta-analyses. , 2000, Statistics in medicine.

[435]  J M Lachin,et al.  Statistical considerations in the intent-to-treat principle. , 2000, Controlled clinical trials.

[436]  E Ernst,et al.  Location bias in controlled clinical trials of complementary/alternative therapies. , 2000, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[437]  C. Beahler,et al.  Information retrieval in systematic reviews: challenges in the public health arena. , 2000, American journal of preventive medicine.

[438]  J. L. Tang,et al.  Misleading funnel plot for detection of bias in meta-analysis. , 2000, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[439]  D. Rennie,et al.  Pharmacoeconomic analyses: making them transparent, making them credible. , 2000, JAMA.

[440]  L. Bero,et al.  Expanding the roles of outpatient pharmacists: effects on health services utilisation, costs, and patient outcomes. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[441]  N. Hoffart Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory , 2000 .

[442]  A. Maynard,et al.  Health economics: an evolving paradigm. , 2000, Health economics.

[443]  C. Adams,et al.  Unpublished rating scales: A major source of bias in randomised controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia , 2000, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[444]  J. Copas,et al.  Reanalysis of epidemiological evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[445]  J. Meyer,et al.  Qualitative research in health care: Using qualitative methods in health related action research , 2000 .

[446]  P. Williamson,et al.  Bias in meta‐analysis due to outcome variable selection within studies , 2000 .

[447]  J. Grimshaw,et al.  Sample size calculations for cluster randomised trials. Changing Professional Practice in Europe Group (EU BIOMED II Concerted Action). , 2000, Journal of health services research & policy.

[448]  A. Berber,et al.  Six-month treatment of obesity with sibutramine 15 mg; a double-blind, placebo-controlled monocenter clinical trial in a Hispanic population. , 2000, Obesity research.

[449]  E. Waters,et al.  Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[450]  F. Maggs-Rapport,et al.  Combining methodological approaches in research: ethnography and interpretive phenomenology. , 2000, Journal of advanced nursing.

[451]  T A Sheldon,et al.  A systematic review of comparisons of effect sizes derived from randomised and non-randomised studies. , 2000, Health technology assessment.

[452]  R. Moore,et al.  Reporting of adverse effects in clinical trials should be improved: lessons from acute postoperative pain. , 1999, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[453]  P. Gøtzsche,et al.  Problems in the design and reporting of trials of antifungal agents encountered during meta-analysis. , 1999, JAMA.

[454]  Moskowitz,et al.  beta-Blockers in congestive heart failure. , 1999 .

[455]  M. R. Mölken,et al.  An empirical comparison of the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) in a clinical trial setting. , 1999, Thorax.

[456]  J. Lau,et al.  State of the evidence: current status and prospects of meta-analysis in infectious diseases. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[457]  M. Friedberg,et al.  Evaluation of conflict of interest in economic analyses of new drugs used in oncology. , 1999, JAMA.

[458]  F. Song,et al.  QUALITY-ASSESSED REVIEWS OF HEALTH CARE INTERVENTIONS AND THE DATABASE OF ABSTRACTS OF REVIEWS OF EFFECTIVENESS (DARE) , 1999, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[459]  M. Egger,et al.  The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. , 1999, JAMA.

[460]  S. Hollis,et al.  What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials , 1999, BMJ.

[461]  S Greenland,et al.  Random-effects meta-analyses are not always conservative. , 1999, American journal of epidemiology.

[462]  M. Petticrew,et al.  Rational Decision-making in Mental Health: the Role of Systematic Reviews , 2022 .

[463]  R. Peto Failure of randomisation by “sealed” envelope , 1999, The Lancet.

[464]  C Cates,et al.  Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat , 1999 .

[465]  L. Smeeth,et al.  Numbers needed to treat derived from meta-analyses—sometimes informative, usually misleading , 1999, BMJ.

[466]  T. Furukawa From effect size into number needed to treat , 1999, The Lancet.

[467]  Carol Grbich,et al.  Qualitative Research in Health: An Introduction , 1999 .

[468]  L. Niskanen,et al.  Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[469]  C. Isles,et al.  Risk of major gastrointestinal bleeding with aspirin , 1999, The Lancet.

[470]  S. Sharp,et al.  Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: a comparison of methods. , 1997, Statistics in medicine.

[471]  J. Sterne,et al.  Methods for evaluating area-wide and organisation-based interventions in health and health care: a systematic review. , 1999, Health technology assessment.

[472]  R. Doughty,et al.  Measuring health-related quality of life. , 1999, The New Zealand medical journal.

[473]  S. Tretli,et al.  Adverse drug reactions in current antihypertensive therapy: a general practice survey of 2586 patients in Norway. , 1999, Blood pressure.

[474]  A Whitehead,et al.  Cholinesterase inhibition for Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis of the tacrine trials. Dementia Trialists' Collaboration. , 1998, JAMA.

[475]  N A Azimi,et al.  The effectiveness of cost-effectiveness analysis in containing costs , 1998, Journal of general internal medicine.

[476]  D. Cook,et al.  Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses? , 1998, The Lancet.

[477]  J Popay,et al.  Qualitative research and evidence-based healthcare , 1998, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[478]  R. Wears,et al.  Unpublished research from a medical specialty meeting: why investigators fail to publish. , 1998, JAMA.

[479]  J J Deeks,et al.  Systematic reviews of published evidence: miracles or minefields? , 1998, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[480]  N. Black,et al.  The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. , 1998, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[481]  L. Stewart,et al.  Individual patient data meta-analysis in cancer. , 1998, British Journal of Cancer.

[482]  J. Popay,et al.  Rationale and Standards for the Systematic Review of Qualitative Literature in Health Services Research , 1998, Qualitative health research.

[483]  A. Vickers,et al.  Do certain countries produce only positive results? A systematic review of controlled trials. , 1998, Controlled clinical trials.

[484]  P. Glasziou,et al.  Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Graphical test is itself biased. , 1998, BMJ.

[485]  Crossover designs versus parallel studies in infertility research. , 1998, Fertility and sterility.

[486]  G. Mancia,et al.  Searching for information from unreported trials--amnesty for the past and prospective meta-analyses for the future. , 1998, Journal of hypertension.

[487]  J. Ioannidis Effect of the statistical significance of results on the time to completion and publication of randomized efficacy trials. , 1998, JAMA.

[488]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Overcoming the limitations of current meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials , 1998, The Lancet.

[489]  Social characteristics of participants in health promotion effectiveness research: trial and error? , 1998 .

[490]  Jack L. Vevea,et al.  Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. , 1998 .

[491]  Sj Senn,et al.  Odds ratios revisited , 1998 .

[492]  L. Rubenstein,et al.  Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Asymmetry detected in funnel plot was probably due to true heterogeneity. , 1998, BMJ.

[493]  R. Collins,et al.  Protocol for prospective collaborative overviews of major randomized trials of blood-pressure-lowering treatments. World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. , 1998, Journal of hypertension.

[494]  S Duval,et al.  Practical estimates of the effect of publication bias in meta- analysis , 1998 .

[495]  E. Murphy,et al.  Qualitative research methods in health technology assessment: a review of the literature. , 1998, Health technology assessment.

[496]  A Whitehead,et al.  A prospectively planned cumulative meta-analysis applied to a series of concurrent clinical trials. , 1997, Statistics in medicine.

[497]  S G Thompson,et al.  Investigating underlying risk as a source of heterogeneity in meta-analysis. , 1997, Statistics in medicine.

[498]  G. Smith,et al.  Meta-analysis: Potentials and promise , 1997, BMJ.

[499]  A. Hoes,et al.  Confounding and indication for treatment in evaluation of drug treatment for hypertension , 1997, BMJ.

[500]  J. Lau,et al.  The impact of high-risk patients on the results of clinical trials. , 1997, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[501]  C D Naylor,et al.  Meta-analysis and the meta-epidemiology of clinical research , 1997, BMJ.

[502]  M. Tramèr,et al.  Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study , 1997, BMJ.

[503]  G. Smith,et al.  Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test , 1997, BMJ.

[504]  R. Simes,et al.  Publication bias: evidence of delayed publication in a cohort study of clinical research projects , 1997, BMJ.

[505]  G. Piaggio,et al.  Factors affecting the comparability of meta-analyses and largest trials results in perinatology. , 1997, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[506]  M Sandelowski,et al.  Qualitative Metasynthesis : Issues and Techniques , 1997 .

[507]  S. Satya‐Murti Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM , 1997 .

[508]  B. O'brien,et al.  Cost-benefit analyses in the health-care literature: don't judge a study by its label. , 1997, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[509]  S D Walter,et al.  The results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 1997, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[510]  M. Wittmann [Meta-analysis of respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. , 1997, Pneumologie.

[511]  R. Moore,et al.  Using Numerical Results from Systematic Reviews in Clinical Practice , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[512]  Melissa S. Anderson,et al.  Withholding research results in academic life science. Evidence from a national survey of faculty. , 1997, JAMA.

[513]  G H Guyatt,et al.  Users' guides to the medical literature. XII. How to use articles about health-related quality of life. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. , 1997, JAMA.

[514]  M. Mayberg,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. , 1997, Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.

[515]  A. Strauss,et al.  Grounded Theory in Practice , 1997 .

[516]  A Whitehead,et al.  Borrowing strength from external trials in a meta-analysis. , 1996, Statistics in medicine.

[517]  M. Valsecchi,et al.  A new challenge in clinical research in childhood ALL: the prospective meta-analysis strategy for intergroup collaboration. , 1996, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[518]  J. Shuster,et al.  Meta-analysis and prospective meta-analysis in childhood leukemia clinical research. , 1996, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[519]  D G Altman,et al.  Statistics Notes: Detecting skewness from summary information , 1996, BMJ.

[520]  P. Taylor Clinical Decision Making: From Theory to Practice , 1996 .

[521]  Louise A. Jensen,et al.  Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Findings , 1996 .

[522]  Jonathan J. Deeks,et al.  Down with odds ratios! , 1996, Evidence Based Medicine.

[523]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  The relation between treatment benefit and underlying risk in meta-analysis , 1996, BMJ.

[524]  M. McIntosh,et al.  The population risk as an explanatory variable in research synthesis of clinical trials. , 1996, Statistics in medicine.

[525]  T O Jefferson,et al.  Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ , 1996, BMJ.

[526]  S. Walter,et al.  Empirical evidence of bias in infertility research: overestimation of treatment effect in crossover trials using pregnancy as the outcome measure. , 1996, Fertility and sterility.

[527]  D. Moher,et al.  Redundancy, disaggregation, and the integrity of medical research , 1996, The Lancet.

[528]  J. Grimshaw,et al.  North of England evidence based guidelines development project: methods of guideline development , 1996, BMJ.

[529]  A R Jadad,et al.  Assessing the Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials: Current Issues and Future Directions , 1996, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[530]  I. Tannock,et al.  False-positive results in clinical trials: multiple significance tests and the problem of unreported comparisons. , 1996, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[531]  D. Moher,et al.  Completeness of reporting of trials published in languages other than English: implications for conduct and reporting of systematic reviews , 1996, The Lancet.

[532]  A R Jadad,et al.  Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? , 1996, Controlled clinical trials.

[533]  D J Spiegelhalter,et al.  Bayesian approaches to random-effects meta-analysis: a comparative study. , 1995, Statistics in medicine.

[534]  C. Naranjo,et al.  Comparison of the Bayesian approach and a simple algorithm for assessment of adverse drug events * , 1995, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[535]  Les M Irwig,et al.  An evidence based approach to individualising treatment , 1995, BMJ.

[536]  K. Schulz,et al.  Subverting randomization in controlled trials. , 1995, JAMA.

[537]  B. Short,et al.  Intraclass correlation among measures related to alcohol use by young adults: estimates, correlates and applications in intervention studies. , 1995, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[538]  L. Stewart,et al.  Practical methodology of meta-analyses (overviews) using updated individual patient data. Cochrane Working Group. , 1995, Statistics in medicine.

[539]  R. Simes,et al.  Prospective meta-analysis of cholesterol-lowering studies: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project and the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaboration. , 1995, The American journal of cardiology.

[540]  K. Woods Mega-trials and management of acute myocardial infarction , 1995, The Lancet.

[541]  W L Miller,et al.  Reading and evaluating qualitative research studies. , 1995, The Journal of family practice.

[542]  P. Hawe,et al.  Preserving innovation under increasing accountability pressures: the health promotion investment portfolio approach , 1995 .

[543]  A. Oxman,et al.  Comprehensiveness and bias in reporting clinical trials. Study of reviews of pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness. , 1995, Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien.

[544]  M A Zimmerman,et al.  Evaluation of Health Education Programs: Current Assessment and Future Directions , 1995, Health education quarterly.

[545]  C. Pope,et al.  Qualitative Research: Reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: an introduction to qualitative methods in health and health services research , 1995 .

[546]  M. Pfeffer,et al.  Protocol for a prospective collaborative overview of all current and planned randomized trials of cholesterol treatment regimens. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. , 1995, The American journal of cardiology.

[547]  W. Applegate,et al.  Prospective Meta‐analysis: Ahoy! A Clinical Trial? , 1995, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[548]  W H Rogers,et al.  Comparison of methods for the scoring and statistical analysis of SF-36 health profile and summary measures: summary of results from the Medical Outcomes Study. , 1995, Medical care.

[549]  J. Secker,et al.  Qualitative methods in health promotion research: some criteria for quality , 1995 .

[550]  N. Britten,et al.  Qualitative research methods in general practice and primary care. , 1995, Family practice.

[551]  A R Jadad,et al.  Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. , 1995, Controlled clinical trials.

[552]  R. J. Hayes,et al.  Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. , 1995, JAMA.

[553]  G. Grégoire,et al.  Selecting the language of the publications included in a meta-analysis: is there a Tower of Babel bias? , 1995, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[554]  C H Schmid,et al.  Cumulative meta-analysis of clinical trials builds evidence for exemplary medical care. , 1995, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[555]  D. Jehle,et al.  Positive-outcome bias: comparison of emergency medicine and general medicine literatures. , 2008, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[556]  A Whitehead,et al.  A meta-analysis of clinical trials involving different classifications of response into ordered categories. , 1994, Statistics in medicine.

[557]  C. Begg,et al.  Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. , 1994, Biometrics.

[558]  M. Bracken,et al.  Clinically useful measures of effect in binary analyses of randomized trials. , 1994, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[559]  E. Ernst,et al.  Reviewer bias: a blinded experimental study. , 1994, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[560]  P. Rochon,et al.  Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal. , 1994, JAMA.

[561]  K. Dickersin,et al.  Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts. A meta-analysis. , 1994 .

[562]  R. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Qualitative methods for assessing health care. , 1994, Quality in health care : QHC.

[563]  G H Guyatt,et al.  Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. , 1994, JAMA.

[564]  J. Noseworthy,et al.  The impact of blinding on the results of a randomized, placebo‐controlled multiple sclerosis clinical trial , 1994, Neurology.

[565]  E. Antman,et al.  Advantages and limitations of metaanalytic regressions of clinical trials data. , 1992, The Online journal of current clinical trials.

[566]  E. Guba,et al.  Competing paradigms in qualitative research. , 1994 .

[567]  H C Van Houwelingen,et al.  A bivariate approach to meta-analysis. , 1993, Statistics in medicine.

[568]  G. Guyatt,et al.  The Science of Reviewing Research a , 1993, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[569]  C. Furberg,et al.  Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials. , 1993, JAMA.

[570]  M. Haugh,et al.  A43 Long-term survival follow-up in international clinical trials , 1993 .

[571]  D. Machin,et al.  Intention to treat--who should use ITT? , 1993, British Journal of Cancer.

[572]  A. Skene,et al.  The effect of lorcainide on arrhythmias and survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an example of publication bias. , 1993, International journal of cardiology.

[573]  W. McIlroy,et al.  Should unpublished data be included in meta-analyses? Current convictions and controversies. , 1993, JAMA.

[574]  S Greenland,et al.  Meta‐analysis of Epidemiologic Dose‐Response Data , 1993, Epidemiology.

[575]  K. Dickersin,et al.  NIH clinical trials and publication bias. , 1993, The Online journal of current clinical trials.

[576]  C Forchuk,et al.  How to critique qualitative research articles. , 1993, The Canadian journal of nursing research = Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres.

[577]  R Peto,et al.  Large-scale randomized evidence: large, simple trials and overviews of trials. , 1993, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[578]  D. Cross,et al.  The Know Your Body program: a review of evaluation studies. , 1993, Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine.

[579]  D J Newell,et al.  Intention-to-treat analysis: implications for quantitative and qualitative research. , 1992, International journal of epidemiology.

[580]  F. Mosteller,et al.  A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. Treatments for myocardial infarction. , 1992, JAMA.

[581]  J. Cutler,et al.  Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. , 1992, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[582]  A. Scott,et al.  A simple method for the analysis of clustered binary data. , 1992, Biometrics.

[583]  S. Greenland,et al.  Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. , 1992, American journal of epidemiology.

[584]  Kay Dickersin,et al.  Keeping posted Why register clinical trials?-Revisited , 1992 .

[585]  C D Naylor,et al.  Incorporating variations in the quality of individual randomized trials into meta-analysis. , 1992, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[586]  J. Concato,et al.  Problems of comorbidity in mortality after prostatectomy. , 1992, JAMA.

[587]  K. Dickersin,et al.  Factors influencing publication of research results. Follow-up of applications submitted to two institutional review boards. , 1992, JAMA.

[588]  M. Drummond Economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals: science or marketing? , 1992, PharmacoEconomics.

[589]  G H Guyatt,et al.  A Consumer's Guide to Subgroup Analyses , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[590]  P. Easterbrook Directory of registries of clinical trials. , 1992, Statistics in medicine.

[591]  A Whitehead,et al.  A general parametric approach to the meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[592]  H. Ireys,et al.  Reinventing fidelity: The transfer of social technology among settings , 1991, American journal of community psychology.

[593]  J. Wittes,et al.  Analysis and interpretation of treatment effects in subgroups of patients in randomized clinical trials. , 1991, JAMA.

[594]  S. Senn Baseline comparisons in randomized clinical trials. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[595]  M. Mugford,et al.  Cost implications of different approaches to the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome. , 1991, Archives of disease in childhood.

[596]  P Bauer,et al.  Multiple testing in clinical trials. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[597]  T. Cleophas The performance of the two-stage analysis of two-treatment, two-period crossover trials. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[598]  J D Emerson,et al.  An empirical study of the possible relation of treatment differences to quality scores in controlled randomized clinical trials. , 1990, Controlled clinical trials.

[599]  C. H. Germain Ethnography: Step By Step , 1990 .

[600]  T. Bossert Can they get along without us? Sustainability of donor-supported health projects in Central America and Africa. , 1990, Social science & medicine.

[601]  P. Freeman The performance of the two-stage analysis of two-treatment, two-period crossover trials. , 1989, Statistics in medicine.

[602]  I Chalmers,et al.  Reducing the incidence of infection after caesarean section: implications of prophylaxis with antibiotics for hospital resources. , 1989, BMJ.

[603]  I. Chalmers,et al.  Retrospective and prospective identification of unpublished controlled trials: lessons from a survey of obstetricians and pediatricians. , 1989, Pediatrics.

[604]  R. Hobson,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. , 1989, Stroke.

[605]  A. Detsky,et al.  Meta-analysis in medical research: strong encouragement for higher quality in individual research efforts. , 1989, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[606]  S. Greenfield,et al.  The Medical Outcomes Study. An application of methods for monitoring the results of medical care. , 1989, JAMA.

[607]  D L Sackett,et al.  An assessment of clinically useful measures of the consequences of treatment. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[608]  C. Begg,et al.  Publication bias : a problem in interpreting medical data , 1988 .

[609]  J. Neufeld Efficacy of amoxicillin with and without decongestant-antihistamine for otitis media with effusion in children , 1987 .

[610]  P. Gøtzsche Reference bias in reports of drug trials. , 1987, British medical journal.

[611]  S. Pocock,et al.  Statistical problems in the reporting of clinical trials. A survey of three medical journals. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[612]  Alan H Williams Health Economics: The Cheerful Face of the Dismal Science? , 1987 .

[613]  R. Simes,et al.  Confronting publication bias: a cohort design for meta-analysis. , 1987, Statistics in medicine.

[614]  V. Siskind The need for randomization in the study of intended effects. , 1985, Statistics in medicine.

[615]  Terrence A. Brooks,et al.  Private acts and public objects: An investigation of citer motivations , 1985, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[616]  R. Peto,et al.  Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. , 1985, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[617]  J M Robins,et al.  Estimation of a common effect parameter from sparse follow-up data. , 1985, Biometrics.

[618]  Q. Whiting-O'Keefe,et al.  Choosing the Correct Unit of Analysis in Medical Care Experiments , 1984, Medical care.

[619]  G. Williams,et al.  The genesis of chronic illness: narrative re-construction. , 1984, Sociology of health & illness.

[620]  G. Venning Identification of adverse reactions to new drugs. II (continued): How were 18 important adverse reactions discovered and with what delays? , 1983, British medical journal.

[621]  H. Morgenstern Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. , 1982, American journal of public health.

[622]  S. Ceci,et al.  Peer-review practices of psychological journals: The fate of published articles, submitted again , 1982, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[623]  G. Venning Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms , 1982, British medical journal.

[624]  W. Epstein Confirmational Response Bias Among Social Work Journals , 1990 .

[625]  R. Rosenthal,et al.  Statistical versus traditional procedures for summarizing research findings. , 1980, Psychological bulletin.

[626]  A Donner,et al.  The estimation of intraclass correlation in the analysis of family data. , 1980, Biometrics.

[627]  R. Rosenthal The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results , 1979 .

[628]  M. L. Smith,et al.  Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. , 1977, The American psychologist.

[629]  S. Lelean Learning about research. , 1977, Nursing times.

[630]  G. Glass Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research1 , 1976 .

[631]  A. L. Cochrane,et al.  Effectiveness and efficiency: random reflections on health services , 1972 .

[632]  A. Strauss,et al.  The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research aldine de gruyter , 1968 .

[633]  W. Haenszel,et al.  Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. , 1959, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[634]  T. Sterling Publication Decisions and their Possible Effects on Inferences Drawn from Tests of Significance—or Vice Versa , 1959 .

[635]  M. Valenti,et al.  Anonymous , 1987 .