Western spruce budworm

is the most widely distributed and destructive defoliator of coniferous forests in Western North America. It is one of nearly a dozen Choristoneura species, subspecies, or forms, with a complexity of variation among populations found throughout much of the United States and Canada. It

[1]  D. Mott.  THE ANALYSIS OF THE SURVIVAL OF SMALL LARVAE IN THE UNSPRAYED AREA , 1963 .

[2]  M. Stock,et al.  GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG REPRESENTATIVE POPULATIONS OF FIVE CHORISTONEURA SPECIES: C. OCCIDENTALIS, C. RETINIANA, C. BIENNIS, C. LAMBERTIANA, AND C. FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) , 1981, Canadian Entomologist.

[3]  W. J. A. Volney,et al.  VARIATION IN SPRING EMERGENCE PATTERNS AMONG WESTERN CHORISTONEURA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTHERN OREGON , 1983, The Canadian Entomologist.

[4]  W. Platt,et al.  Ecology of Fire , 1984 .

[5]  H. Coppel,et al.  NOTES ON THE INSECT PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORMCHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA , 1948, The Canadian Entomologist.

[6]  R. Campbell.  Use of Phenology for Examining Provenance Transfers in Reforestation of Douglas-Fir , 1974 .

[7]  O. N. Morris,et al.  CHANGES IN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), BIOMASS IN STANDS TREATED WITH COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI , 1983, The Canadian Entomologist.

[8]  L. Roche.  A GENECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE GENUS PICEA IN BRITISH COLUMBIA , 1969 .

[9]  R. Macarthur,et al.  Population Ecology of Some Warblers of Northeastern Coniferous Forests , 1958 .

[10]  T. White.  An index to measure weather-induced stress of trees associated with outbreaks of Psyllids in Australia , 1969 .

[11]  R. Stark,et al.  The Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth: A Synthesis , 1978 .

[12]  H. Fowells.  Silvics of forest trees of the United States. , 1965 .

[13]  R. Campbell,et al.  Comparative roles of soil and air temperatures in the timing of spring bud flush in seedling Douglas-fir , 1978 .

[14]  G. W. Schaefer,et al.  Spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) moth flight and dispersal: new understanding from canopy observations, radar, and aircraft. , 1980 .

[15]  W. G. Wellington,et al.  PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTBREAKS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) , 1950 .

[16]  R. F. Morris,et al.  The Numerical Response of Avian and Mammalian Predators during a Gradation of the Spruce Budworm , 1958 .

[17]  D. O. Greenbank.  STAMINATE FLOWERS AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM , 1963 .

[18]  G. Stehr.  HEMOLYMPH POLYMORPHISM IN A MOTH AND THE NATURE OF SEX‐CONTROLLED INHERITANCE , 1959 .

[19]  J. Blais.  THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, CLEM.) TO THE FLOWERING CONDITION OF BALSAM FIR (ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) MILL.) , 1952 .

[20]  J. Verner,et al.  California wildlife and their habitats: western Sierra Nevada , 1980 .

[21]  R. Alexander.  Silviculture of subalpine forests in the central and southern Rocky Mountains: the status of our knowledge. , 1974 .

[22]  B. B. Stout,et al.  Atlas of the United States trees. V.1: Conifers and important hardwoods , 1972 .

[23]  Harriet Martineau.  Society in America , 1837 .

[24]  E. Rudloff.  Volatile leaf oil analysis in chemosystematic studies of North American conifers , 1975 .

[25]  R. F. Morris,et al.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE TABLES FOR THE SPRUCE BUDWORM , 1954 .

[26]  J. Mitton,et al.  CONE COLOR POLYMORPHISM ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATION IN WHITE FIR, ABIES CONCOLOR, IN SOUTHERN COLORADO' , 1980 .

[27]  V. M. Carolin,et al.  The Role of Birds in a Spruce Budworm Outbreak in Maine , 1953 .

[28]  G. Rehfeldt,et al.  Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pseudotsuga. IV. Inheritance and geographical variation in the leaf oil terpenes of Douglas-fir from the Pacific Northwest. , 1980 .

[29]  R. L. Lyon,et al.  REARING DIAPAUSE AND DIAPAUSE-FREE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET , 1972, The Canadian Entomologist.

[30]  J. P. King,et al.  Breeding for delayed budbreak in Picea glauca (Moench) Voss-potential frost avoidance and growth gains. , 1970 .

[31]  A. Thomson,et al.  Prediction of bud burst in Douglas-fir by degree-day accumulation , 1982 .

[32]  J. Blais,et al.  Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956 , 1961, The Canadian Entomologist.

[33]  G. Roi,et al.  A systematic and genecological study of Picea glauca and P. engelmannii, using paper chromatograms of needle extracts , 1968 .

[34]  C. Sanders,et al.  SEX PHEROMONE RESPONSES OF CHORISTONEURA SPP. AND THEIR HYBRIDS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) , 1977, The Canadian Entomologist.

[35]  D. O. Greenbank.  THE ROLE OF CLIMATE AND DISPERSAL IN THE INITIATION OF OUTBREAKS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NEW BRUNSWICK: II. THE ROLE OF DISPERSAL , 1956 .

[36]  B. Wickman.  Increased Growth of White Fir After a Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Outbreak , 1980, Journal of Forestry.

[37]  A. Retnakaran,et al.  BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS INDUCED ANOREXIA IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA , 1983 .

[38]  J. Blais.  Regional Variation in Susceptibility of Eastern North American Forests to Budworm Attack Based on History of Outbreaks , 1968 .

[39]  W. Gebhardt.  Photosynthetic efficiency , 1986, Radiation and environmental biophysics.

[40]  Wyman C. Schmidt,et al.  Frost reduces western spruce budworm populations and damage in Montana , 1973 .

[41]  Bernard L. Kovalchik,et al.  Forest habitat types of Montana. , 1977 .

[42]  CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS IN THE FREE ATMOSPHERE , 1945 .

[43]  R. Schreyer,et al.  THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. , 1901, Science.

[44]  D. E. Leonard.  Recent Developments in Ecology and Control of the Gypsy Moth , 1974 .

[45]  Lorna C. Youngs,et al.  ANTS PREYING ON PUPAE OF THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN EASTERN OREGON AND WESTERN MONTANA , 1984, The Canadian Entomologist.

[46]  J. Powell.  Biological and taxonomic studies in tortricine moths, with reference to species in California. , 1964 .

[47]  J. Robertson,et al.  INTER- AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN SELECTED CHORISTONEURA SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): A TOXICOLOGICAL AND GENETIC SURVEY , 1980, The Canadian Entomologist.

[48]  R. Waring,et al.  Temperature: collection of data and its analysis for the interpretation of plant growth and distribution , 1969 .

[49]  J. Swaine,et al.  Studies on the spruce budworm (Cacoecia fumiferana Clem.) , 1924 .

[50]  Nicholas L. Crookston,et al.  User's guide to the stand prognosis model / , 1982 .

[51]  John William Bruce Wagg.  Environmental factors affecting spruce budworm growth , 1958 .

[52]  Andrew M. Liebhold,et al.  EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, SEX, AND GENETIC BACKGROUND ON COLORATION OF CHORISTONEURA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON , 1983, The Canadian Entomologist.

[53]  S. A. Graham,et al.  The Spruce Budworm in Minnesota , 1940 .

[54]  D. Eidt,et al.  Resistance of seven fir species to spruce budworm and other insects. , 1972 .

[55]  Pacific Northwest Forest,et al.  Seasonal height growth of upper-slope conifers / , 1968 .

[56]  G. Rehfeldt.  Genetic Differentiation of Douglas‐Fir Populations from the Northern Rocky Mountains , 1978 .

[57]  C. Little,et al.  Natural variation in balsam fir foliar components of dietary importance to spruce budworm , 1977 .

[58]  W. L. Webb,et al.  Starch content of Douglas-fir defoliated by the tussock moth , 1977 .

[59]  Robert W. Mutch,et al.  Fire-Dependent Forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains , 1973, Quaternary Research.

[60]  B. L. Winternitz,et al.  Proceedings of the Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Non-Game Birds , 1976 .

[61]  J. Robertson,et al.  Esterase Polymorphism and Response to Insecticides During Larval Development of the Western Spruce Budworm , 1982 .

[62]  A. Thomson,et al.  Tree mortality and radial growth losses caused by the western spruce budworm in a Douglas-fir stand in British Columbia , 1982 .

[63]  F. H. Schmidt,et al.  Developmental Polymorphism in Choristoneura spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) , 1977 .

[64]  W. J. Martin,et al.  The Sex-Ratio , 1948, Nature.

[65]  R. C. Wilkinson.  Inheritance of Budbreak and Correlation with Early Height Growth in White Spruce (Picea glauca) from New England , 1977 .

[66]  M. McGregor,et al.  Dipel wettable powder (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner) as a control agent for western spruce budworm Choristoneura occidentalis Free , 1976 .

[67]  D. Ruth.  A guide to insect pests in Douglas-fir seed orchards. , 1980 .

[68]  G. Waldbauer.  The Consumption and Utilization of Food by Insects , 1968 .

[69]  J. W. Hanover.  Physiology of Tree Resistance to Insects , 1975 .

[70]  J. Worrall.  Dwarf Mistletoes , 1960, Nature.

[71]  Nicholas L. Crookston,et al.  A user's guide to the combined stand prognosis and Douglas-fir tussock moth outbreak model , 1982 .

[72]  H. M. Kulman,et al.  Effects of Insect Defoliation on Growth and Mortality of Trees , 1971 .

[73]  A. C. Bent.  Life histories of North American flycatchers, larks, swallows, and their allies , 1927 .

[74]  S. Arno.  Forest fire history in the Northern Rockies. , 1980 .

[75]  G. Baskerville,et al.  Rapid Estimation of Heat Accumulation from Maximum and Minimum Temperatures , 1969 .

[76]  A. Tracey,et al.  IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD TESTING OF PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF CHORISTONEURA ORAE (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) , 1984, The Canadian Entomologist.

[77]  Wayne E. Bousfield,et al.  Remeasurement of western spruce budworm damage areas on the Clearwater National Forest, Idaho, 1978 , 1979 .

[78]  J. N. Westwood,et al.  PACIFIC SOUTHWEST Forest and Range Experiment Station , 1970 .

[79]  R. F. Morris.  The Dynamics of Epidemic Spruce Budworm Populations , 1963 .

[80]  H. Nienstaedt,et al.  The genetics of white spruce , 1972 .

[81]  J. Soós,et al.  Shoot Growth Patterns of Some British Columbia Conifers , 1963 .

[82]  H. Kulman,et al.  Foliar Mineral Differences Related to Sawfly Defoliation of White Spruce , 1978 .

[83]  G. Stehr.  ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: II. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH FOREST REGIONS , 1967, The Canadian Entomologist.

[84]  伊藤 嘉昭.  The population dynamics of the spruce budworm in eastern Canada , 1959 .

[85]  J. Blais,et al.  INTERACTION OF EVENING GROSBEAK (HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA) AND SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.)) IN A LOCALIZED BUDWORM OUTBREAK TREATED WITH DDT IN QUEBEC , 1964 .

[86]  R. Driessche,et al.  Total and Soluble Nitrogen in Douglas Fir in Relation to Plant Nitrogen Status , 1975 .

[87]  W. G. Wellington.  Effects of Radiation on the Temperatures of Insectan Habitats. , 1950 .

[88]  T. Borg,et al.  NOTES ON A PINE-FEEDING BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA LAMBERTIANA PONDEROSANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN THE COLORADO ROCKIES , 1977, The Canadian Entomologist.

[89]  Pacific Northwest Forest,et al.  Sampling populations of western spruce budworm and predicting defoliation of Douglas-fir in eastern Oregon / , 1972 .

[90]  Andrew M. Liebhold,et al.  HOST ASSOCIATIONS, PHENOTYPIC VARIATION, AND MATING COMPATIBILITY OF CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON , 1984, The Canadian Entomologist.

[91]  A. L. Griffith.  The International Union of Forest Research Organizations , 1954 .

[92]  Jerald E. Dewey,et al.  Western Spruce Budworm , 1982 .

[93]  G. Silver.  NOTES ON A SPRUCE BUDWORM INFESTATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA , 1960 .

[94]  D. Mott.  THE FOREST AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM , 1963 .

[95]  M. McKnight.  A literature review of the spruce, western, and 2-year-cycle budworms : Choristoneura fumiferana, C. occidentalis, and C. biennis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) / , 1968 .

[96]  R. F. Morris.  FOLIAGE DEPLETION AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM , 1963 .

[97]  W. B. Critchfield,et al.  Terpenoid chemosystematic studies of Abies grandis , 1977 .

[98]  G. Baskerville,et al.  A dynamic model of growth in defoliated fir stands , 1981 .

[99]  A. Thomson,et al.  Douglas-fir height growth affected by western spruce budworm , 1983 .