Empirically supported psychological interventions: controversies and evidence.

Efforts to increase the practice of evidence-based psychotherapy in the United States have led to the formation of task forces to define, identify, and disseminate information about empirically supported psychological interventions. The work of several such task forces and other groups reviewing empirically supported treatments (ESTs) in the United States, United Kingdom, and elsewhere is summarized here, along with the lists of treatments that have been identified as ESTs. Also reviewed is the controversy surrounding EST identification and dissemination, including concerns abou research methodology, external validity, and utility of EST research, as well as the reliability and transparency of the EST review process.

[1]  M. Goldfried,et al.  Predicting the effect of cognitive therapy for depression: a study of unique and common factors. , 1996, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[2]  H. Hricak,et al.  Evidence-based medicine. , 1997, Singapore medical journal.

[3]  D. Hedeker,et al.  Initial severity and differential treatment outcome in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. , 1995, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.

[4]  R. Daldrup,et al.  Predictors of differential response to cognitive, experiential, and self-directed psychotherapeutic procedures. , 1991, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[5]  J. Geller,et al.  What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research , 1997 .

[6]  M. Gatz,et al.  Empirically validated psychological treatments for older adults. , 1998 .

[7]  J. R. Scotti,et al.  DSM-IV and disorders of childhood and adolescence: can structural criteria be functional? , 1996, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[8]  E. Frank,et al.  Training in empirically validated treatments: What are clinical psychology students learning? , 1995 .

[9]  D. Pepler,et al.  A Comparison of Eclectic Treatment with Webster-Stratton's Parents and Children Series in a Children's Mental Health Center: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 1998 .

[10]  P. Fonagy.  Achieving evidence-based psychotherapy practice: A psychodynamic perspective on the general acceptance of treatment manuals , 1999 .

[11]  L. Beutler.  Identifying empirically supported treatments: what if we didn't? , 1998, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[12]  T. Ollendick,et al.  Empirically supported treatments for children with phobic and anxiety disorders: current status. , 1998, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[13]  M. Seligman,et al.  The effectiveness of psychotherapy. The Consumer Reports study. , 1995, The American psychologist.

[14]  B. Strauss,et al.  The Writing on the Wall—Comments on the Current Discussion About Empirically Validated Treatments in Germany , 1998 .

[15]  N. Jacobson,et al.  Research-structured vs clinically flexible versions of social learning-based marital therapy. , 1989, Behaviour research and therapy.

[16]  Frederick A. Stich,et al.  A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: Empiricially, "all must have prizes." , 1997 .

[17]  A. Bohart,et al.  Empirically Violated Treatments: Disenfranchisement of Humanistic and Other Psychotherapies , 1998 .

[18]  W. Sanderson,et al.  The Generalizability of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Panic Disorder , 1998, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[19]  K. Dobson,et al.  Therapist competence ratings in relation to clinical outcome in cognitive therapy of depression. , 1999, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[20]  M. Gladis,et al.  Quality of life: expanding the scope of clinical significance. , 1999, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[21]  K. Dobson,et al.  Empirically supported treatments in psychology: Implications for Canadian professional psychology. , 1999 .

[22]  J. Weisz,et al.  Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[23]  D Gallagher,et al.  Comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies for depressed elders. , 1987, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[24]  L. Beutler,et al.  Research contributions to improving managed health care outcomes. , 1996 .

[25]  A. Horvath,et al.  Relation between Working Alliance and Outcome in Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis. , 1991 .

[26]  L. Beutler,et al.  Guidelines for the Systematic Treatment of the Depressed Patient , 2000 .

[27]  M. Craske,et al.  Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic II Agoraphobia Supplement: Client Workbook , 1999, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[28]  W. Silverman.  Cookbooks, manuals, and paint-by-numbers: Psychotherapy in the 90's. , 1996 .

[29]  Z. Martinovich,et al.  A phase model of psychotherapy outcome: causal mediation of change. , 1993, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[30]  W. Henry.  Science, Politics, and the Politics of Science: The Use and Misuse of Empirically Validated Treatment Research , 1998 .

[31]  S. Johnson,et al.  Empirically supported psychosocial interventions for children: an overview. , 1998, Journal of clinical child psychology.

[32]  K. Moras.  The use of treatment manuals to train psychotherapists: Observations and recommendations. , 1993 .

[33]  G. Andrews,et al.  Controlled trial of exposure and response prevention in obsessive–compulsive disorder , 1997, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[34]  Allen P. Marks,et al.  A Comparison of Behavioral Group Therapy and Individual Behavior Therapy in Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , 1993, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[35]  P. Emmelkamp,et al.  Individualized versus standardized therapy: A comparative evaluation with obsessive-compulsive patients , 1994 .

[36]  D. Schulte,et al.  Tailor-made versus standardized therapy of phobic patients , 1992 .

[37]  N. Jacobson,et al.  Reasons for depression and the process and outcome of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies. , 1996, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[38]  Sheila R. Woody,et al.  MANUALS FOR EMPIRICALLY SUPPORTED TREATMENTS: 1998 UPDATE , 1998 .

[39]  Gregory L. Stuart,et al.  Transporting an empirically supported treatment for panic disorder to a service clinic setting: a benchmarking strategy. , 1998, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[40]  D. Shapiro,et al.  Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: a replication and refinement. , 1982, Psychological bulletin.

[41]  T. Ollendick.  Cognitive behavioral treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia in adolescents: A multiple baseline design analysis , 1995 .

[42]  I. Marks,et al.  The treatment of chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis: follow-up and further findings. , 1972, Behaviour research and therapy.

[43]  M. Addis,et al.  A national survey of practicing psychologists' attitudes toward psychotherapy treatment manuals. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[44]  A. Peterson,et al.  Group cognitive behavior therapy for depression in a community setting: A clinical replication series , 1998 .

[45]  W. Agras,et al.  Does interpersonal therapy help patients with binge eating disorder who fail to respond to cognitive-behavioral therapy? , 1995, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[46]  D. Zuroff,et al.  Short- and long-term effects of medication and psychotherapy in the brief treatment of depression: further analyses of data from the NIMH TDCRP , 2000, Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research.

[47]  S. Garfield,et al.  Some problems associated with "validated" forms of psychotherapy. , 1996 .

[48]  P. Pilkonis,et al.  The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome: findings in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. , 1996, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[49]  W. Tynan,et al.  Concurrent parent and child therapy groups for externalizing disorders: From the laboratory to the world of managed care. , 1999 .

[50]  P. Fonagy.  Should we allow psychotherapy research to determine clinical practice , 1996 .

[51]  S D Imber,et al.  National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. General effectiveness of treatments. , 1989, Archives of general psychiatry.

[52]  K. Moras.  3.10 – Internal and External Validity of Intervention Studies , 1998 .

[53]  K. Gil,et al.  The efficacy of psychological and pharmacological interventions for the treatment of chronic disease-related and non-disease-related pain , 1996 .

[54]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy as a maintenance treatment of recurrent depression. Contributing factors. , 1991, Archives of general psychiatry.

[55]  S. Hollon,et al.  Defining empirically supported therapies. , 1998, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[56]  R. Elliott.  Editor's introduction: A guide to the empirically supported treatments controversy. , 1998 .

[57]  S Iyengar,et al.  A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family, and supportive therapy. , 1997, Archives of general psychiatry.

[58]  J. Berman,et al.  The outcome of psychotherapy with children. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[59]  S. Tillema.  ‘We have met the enemy, and he is us’ , 1988 .

[60]  M. Telch,et al.  Impact of cognitive-behavioral treatment on quality of life in panic disorder patients. , 1995, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[61]  Jackie K. Gollan,et al.  A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression , 1996 .

[62]  I. Marks,et al.  Treatment of Chronic Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis by in-vivo Exposure , 1975, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[63]  P. Kendall.  Empirically supported psychological therapies. , 1998, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[64]  T. Borkovec,et al.  Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. , 1993, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[65]  P. Jensen,et al.  Introduction to the special section: efficacy and effectiveness in studies of child and adolescent psychotherapy. , 1995, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[66]  M. Lambert.  Manual‐Based Treatment and Clinical Practice: Hangman of Life or Promising Development? , 1998 .

[67]  P. Kendall,et al.  Breathing life into a manual : Flexibility and creativity with manual-based treatments , 1998 .

[68]  A. Kazdin.  Validated Treatments: Multiple Perspectives and Issues— Introduction to the Series , 1996 .

[69]  Clarissa C. Marques.  Manual‐Based Treatment and Clinical Practice , 1998 .

[70]  R. DeRubeis,et al.  Update on Empirically Validated Therapies, II , 1998 .