model species for the of the Colorado

failed to control L . decemlineata within the first year of release regional populations of L . decemlineata have demonstrated the ability to independently evolve resistance to pesticides and to do so at different rates 37 . Previous studies have identified target site mutations in resistance phenotypes and a wide range of genes involved in metabolic detoxification, including carboxylesterase genes, cytochrome P450s, and glutathione S-transferase genes 38–42 To examine evidence of rapid evolutionary change underlying . decemlineata ’s extraordinary success uti- lizing novel host plants, climates, and detoxifying insecticides, we evaluated decemlineata nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the γ -amino butyric acid (GABA)-gated anion channels and the histamine-gated chloride channels (HisCls), cuticular proteins, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), and the Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). CYP12J4. in CYP4, CYP6, and CYP9 to in detoxification of plant allelochemicals resistance pesticides their constitutive overexpression and/or inducible expression in imidacloprid resistant L decemlineata 48,130 in to insecticide in L . decemlineata T . castaneum other beetles. Population genetic analyses suggest high levels of nucleotide diversity, local geographic structure, and evidence of recent population growth, which helps to explain how L . decemlineata rapidly evolves to exploit novel host plants, climate space, and overcome a range of pest management practices (including a large and diverse number of insecticides). Digestive enzymes, in particular the cysteine peptidases and carbohydrate-active enzymes, show evidence of gene expansion and elevated expression in gut tissues, suggesting the diversity of the genes is a key trait in the beetle’s phytophagous lifestyle. Additionally, expansions of the gustatory receptor subfamily for bitter tasting might be a key adaptation to exploiting hosts in the nightshade family, Solanaceae, while expansions of novel subfamilies of CYP and GST proteins are consistent with rapid, lineage-specific turnover of genes implicated in L . decemlineata ’s capacity for insecticide resistance. Finally, L . decemlineata has interesting duplications in RNAi genes that might increase its sensitivity to RNAi and provide a promising new avenue for pesticide development. The L . decemlineata genome promises new opportunities to investigate the ecology, evo- lution, and management of this species, and to leverage genomic technologies in developing sustainable methods of pest control.

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