ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES AND THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY: WHAT INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES LIMIT THESE ASSOCIATIONS?

This paper examines the extent of associations between the tobacco industry and New Zealand universities, and the institutional mechanisms that have been used to limit such associations. Tobacco industry documents were searched for associations between New Zealand universities and the tobacco industry. The stratagems used by New Zealand universities, funders, professional societies and government to limit such associations were analysed, using written requests, website surveys and interviews. Philip Morris invested at least US$790,000 into research at the University of Auckland during 1988‐1996, and other associations between tobacco companies and New Zealand universities have continued until at least 2004. There are still few formal policies in New Zealand to prevent such associations. In contrast, a number of prominent Australian universities formally limit their associations with the tobacco industry. If the evidence of harm to the public interest from associations with the tobacco industry is accepted, then, despite the risk to academic freedom, formal policies to address such associations may be warranted. To be most effective, policies by research institutions and funders on tobacco industry associations should be formal and explicit, and also need to be comprehensive and effectively implemented.

[1]  S. Chapman.  Tobacco industry health research 'blood money': the British Health Promotion Research Trust. , 2010, Community health studies.

[2]  M. Mckee,et al.  The whole truth and nothing but the truth? The research that Philip Morris did not want you to see , 2005, The Lancet.

[3]  S. Glantz,et al.  Changing Conclusions on Secondhand Smoke in a Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Review Funded by the Tobacco Industry , 2005, Pediatrics.

[4]  S. Chapman,et al.  Environmental tobacco smoke research published in the journal Indoor and Built Environment and associations with the tobacco industry , 2005, The Lancet.

[5]  S. Glantz,et al.  The p53 tumour suppressor gene and the tobacco industry: research, debate, and conflict of interest , 2005, The Lancet.

[6]  H. Kushner,et al.  Lung Cancer, Chronic Disease Epidemiology, and Medicine, 1948-1964 , 2004, Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences.

[7]  Robert N Proctor,et al.  The global smoking epidemic: a history and status report. , 2004, Clinical lung cancer.

[8]  M. Parascandola.  Skepticism, Statistical Methods, and the Cigarette: A Historical Analysis of a Methodological Debate , 2004, Perspectives in biology and medicine.

[9]  B. Djulbegovic,et al.  Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[10]  D. Spurgeon.  Canadian universities' links to tobacco industry shown , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[11]  S A Glantz,et al.  Constructing "sound science" and "good epidemiology": tobacco, lawyers, and public relations firms. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[12]  D. Yach,et al.  Junking science to promote tobacco. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[13]  Joanna E Cohen,et al.  Universities and tobacco money , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[14]  T. Cech,et al.  Conflicts of Interest--Moving Beyond Disclosure , 2001, Science.

[15]  S. Morgan,et al.  Health economists meet the fourth tempter: drug dependency and scientific discourse. , 2000, Health economics.

[16]  Drummond Rennie,et al.  Policies on faculty conflicts of interest at US universities. , 2000, JAMA.

[17]  S. Glantz,et al.  Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study , 2000, The Lancet.

[18]  R. Bhopal,et al.  The covert influence of the tobacco industry on research and publication: a call to arms. , 1999, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[19]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Institutional addiction to tobacco , 1999, Tobacco control.

[20]  D. Lane,et al.  The p53 tumour suppressor gene , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[21]  L. Bero,et al.  Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions. , 1998, JAMA.

[22]  R Doll,et al.  Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective , 1998, Statistical methods in medical research.

[23]  G. Spilich,et al.  Research into smoking or nicotine and human cognitive performance: does the source of funding make a difference? , 1997, Addiction.

[24]  R. West,et al.  What happens to anxiety levels on giving up smoking? , 1997, The American journal of psychiatry.

[25]  G. Lewison,et al.  Support for UK biomedical research from tobacco industry , 1997, The Lancet.

[26]  James G. March,et al.  Institutional Perspectives on Political Institutions , 1996 .

[27]  Jeffrey C. Doering,et al.  Conflicts of interest and conflicts of commitment. , 1995, Professional ethics.

[28]  Timothy C. Bates,et al.  Smoking, processing speed and attention in a choice reaction time task , 1995, Psychopharmacology.

[29]  Timothy C. Bates,et al.  Effects of nicotine on perceptual speed , 1995, Psychopharmacology.

[30]  A. Parrott,et al.  Stress modulation over the day in cigarette smokers. , 1995, Addiction.

[31]  R. Sanson-Fisher,et al.  What universities do about tobacco industry research funding , 1994 .

[32]  Timothy C. Bates,et al.  Smoking and raven IQ , 1994, Psychopharmacology.

[33]  Timothy C. Bates,et al.  Effects of smoking on simple and choice reaction time , 1994, Psychopharmacology.

[34]  C. Pomerleau,et al.  Pharmacological and non-pharmacological smoking motives: a replication and extension. , 1994, Addiction.

[35]  K. Warner.  Tobacco industry scientific advisors: serving society or selling cigarettes? , 1991, American journal of public health.

[36]  J. Pierce.  Tobacco sponsorship of medical research. , 1986, The Medical journal of Australia.

[37]  J. Shaw.  He who sups with the devil … , 1986, The Medical journal of Australia.

[38]  S. Moore,et al.  Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. , 1985, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[39]  H. Wolinsky.  When researchers accept funding from the tobacco industry, do ethics go up in smoke? , 1985, New York state journal of medicine.

[40]  Patti White.  Smoking still kills , 1982, British medical journal.

[41]  “Public Enemy Number One” gets a broadside salvo from University Senate , 1982 .

[42]  Timothy C. Bates,et al.  Effects of post-learning smoking on memory consolidation , 2005, Psychopharmacology.

[43]  W. Millar,et al.  "The Great Debate": Smoking, Lung Cancer, and Cancer Epidemiology. , 2003 .

[44]  E. Dağlı,et al.  Tobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on health. , 2000, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[45]  A. Parrott,et al.  Nesbitt's Paradox resolved? Stress and arousal modulation during cigarette smoking. , 1998, Addiction.

[46]  A. Parrott.  Smoking cessation leads to reduced stress, but why? , 1995, The International journal of the addictions.

[47]  C. Pomerleau,et al.  Behavioural studies in humans: anxiety, stress and smoking. , 1990, Ciba Foundation symposium.

[48]  Sheldon Cohen,et al.  Perceived stress, quitting smoking, and smoking relapse. , 1990, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.