A global integral terminal sliding mode control based on a novel reaching law for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

Abstract Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are devices with huge potential for renewable and clean industries due to their high efficiency and low emissions. Since the proton exchange membrane fuel cell employed in this research supplied a low output voltage, it was encouraged to use a boost converter with a designed non-linear controller to provide a suitable end-user voltage. In this paper, we proposed a novel control framework based on sliding mode control, which is a global integral sliding mode control linked with a quick reaching law that has been implemented in a commercial fuel cell system Heliocentris FC50 through a dSpace 1102 control board. We compared the strategy with a conventional sliding mode controller and an integral terminal sliding mode controller where we addressed a Lyapunov stability proof has for each structure. We contrasted the experimental outcomes where we proved the superiority of the proposed novel design in terms of robustness, convergence speed. Additionally, as the sliding mode controllers are well known by the energy consumption caused by the chattering effect, we analysed every framework in these terms. Finally, it was found that the proposed structure offered an enhancement in the energy consumption issues. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed control scheme has been demonstrated through the real time implementation over a commercial fuel cell.

[1]  A. Ross,et al.  Production of bio-coal, bio-methane and fertilizer from seaweed via hydrothermal carbonisation , 2016 .

[2]  Mohamed Derbeli,et al.  A Robust Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Method for a PEM Fuel Cell Power System , 2018, Applied Sciences.

[3]  Farid Khoucha,et al.  GA-based robust LQR controller for interleaved boost DC–DC converter improving fuel cell voltage regulation , 2017 .

[4]  John S. Liu,et al.  Technological barriers and research trends in fuel cell technologies: A citation network analysis , 2014 .

[5]  Siti Kartom Kamarudin,et al.  Membranes for direct ethanol fuel cells: An overview , 2016 .

[6]  Xin Zhao,et al.  Adaptive fuzzy logic control of boost converter fed by stand-alone PEM fuel cell stack , 2017, 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific).

[7]  Abdul-Ghani Olabi,et al.  Effect of bipolar plate materials on performance of fuel cells , 2018 .

[8]  P. S. Londhe,et al.  Review of sliding mode based control techniques for control system applications , 2020 .

[9]  Mohamed Derbeli,et al.  Control of PEM fuel cell power system using sliding mode and super-twisting algorithms , 2017 .

[10]  Amiya K. Jana,et al.  Dynamics and Estimator-Based Nonlinear Control of a PEM Fuel Cell , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[11]  Mohamed Derbeli,et al.  High-Performance Tracking for Piezoelectric Actuators Using Super-Twisting Algorithm Based on Artificial Neural Networks , 2021, Mathematics.

[12]  Zuomin Dong,et al.  Integrated design and control optimization of fuel cell hybrid mining truck with minimized lifecycle cost , 2020 .

[13]  Bin Wang,et al.  Switching sliding-mode control strategy based on multi-type restrictive condition for voltage control of buck converter in auxiliary energy source , 2018, Applied Energy.

[14]  Agus P. Sasmito,et al.  Progress on open cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cell: Performance, designs, challenges and future directions , 2021 .

[15]  B. Alharbi,et al.  Robust Control of DC-DC Boost Converter by using µ-Synthesis Approach , 2019, IFAC-PapersOnLine.

[16]  Tian Wu,et al.  A Double Power Reaching Law of Sliding Mode Control Based on Neural Network , 2013 .

[17]  Michael C. Georgiadis,et al.  Model predictive control (MPC) strategies for PEM fuel cell systems – A comparative experimental demonstration , 2018 .

[18]  Ming Yang,et al.  Design of integral terminal sliding mode controller for the hybrid AC/DC microgrids involving renewables and energy storage systems , 2020 .

[19]  Jason Jianjun Gu,et al.  Set-point tracking of a dc-dc boost converter through optimized PID controllers , 2016, 2016 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE).

[20]  Omar J. Guerra,et al.  Cost Competitiveness of Electrolytic Hydrogen , 2019, Joule.

[21]  Li Xiaofeng,et al.  Nonlinear Adaptive Block Backstepping Control Using Command Filter and Neural Networks Approximation , 2011 .

[22]  Chunbo Xiu,et al.  Global Terminal Sliding Mode Control With the Quick Reaching Law and Its Application , 2018, IEEE Access.

[23]  Andreas Kugi,et al.  High-speed nonlinear model predictive control of an interleaved switching DC/DC-converter , 2020 .

[24]  Amiya K. Jana,et al.  A proton exchange membrane fuel cell with an airflow cooling system: Dynamics, validation and nonlinear control , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[25]  James D. Broesch.  Applications of DSP , 2008 .

[26]  Afef Fekih,et al.  Design of a chattering‐free integral terminal sliding mode approach for DFIG‐based wind energy systems , 2020, Optimal Control Applications and Methods.

[27]  Le Wei,et al.  Backstepping-based nonlinear adaptive control for coal-fired utility boiler–turbine units , 2011 .

[28]  Mohsen Bahrami,et al.  Sliding Mode Observer and Control Design with Adaptive Parameter Estimation for a Supersonic Flight Vehicle , 2010 .

[29]  Qi Li,et al.  Online extremum seeking-based optimized energy management strategy for hybrid electric tram considering fuel cell degradation , 2021, Applied Energy.

[30]  Leonid M. Fridman,et al.  Chattering measurement in SMC and HOSMC , 2016, 2016 14th International Workshop on Variable Structure Systems (VSS).

[31]  Hongwen He,et al.  Feedback linearization-based MIMO model predictive control with defined pseudo-reference for hydrogen regulation of automotive fuel cells , 2021, Applied Energy.

[32]  Rolf Johansson,et al.  Sliding mode control on receding horizon: Practical control design and application , 2021 .

[33]  Lakhdar Khochemane,et al.  An adaptive fuzzy logic controller (AFLC) for PEMFC fuel cell , 2015 .

[34]  Shiyu Yang,et al.  Experiment study of machine-learning-based approximate model predictive control for energy-efficient building control , 2021 .

[35]  Mohamed Derbeli,et al.  Robust high order sliding mode control for performance improvement of PEM fuel cell power systems , 2020 .

[36]  Ramazan Coban.  Backstepping integral sliding mode control of an electromechanical system , 2017 .

[37]  Dezhi Xu,et al.  Adaptive Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems of Fuel Cell, Battery and Supercapacitor , 2019, IEEE Access.

[38]  Janko Petrovčič,et al.  Operational and safety analyses of a commercial PEMFC system , 2008 .

[39]  Leonid Fridman,et al.  Sliding Modes after the First Decade of the 21st Century : State of the Art , 2011 .

[40]  Michail Zak,et al.  Terminal attractors in neural networks , 1989, Neural Networks.

[41]  M. Mann,et al.  Emerging Manufacturing Technologies for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers , 2019, Procedia Manufacturing.

[42]  Sandeep Kaur,et al.  Integral terminal sliding mode control unified with UDE for output constrained tracking of mismatched uncertain non-linear systems. , 2020, ISA transactions.

[43]  Joseph Z. Ben-Asher,et al.  Aircraft Pitch Control via Second-Order Sliding Technique , 2000 .

[44]  Mohamed Derbeli,et al.  An Efficient and Robust Current Control for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Power System , 2021 .

[45]  Ilyas Eker,et al.  Second-order sliding mode control with experimental application. , 2010, ISA transactions.

[46]  Guillermo Valencia Ochoa,et al.  Research trends in proton exchange membrane fuel cells during 2008–2018: A bibliometric analysis , 2019, Heliyon.

[47]  Huimin Ouyang,et al.  A Novel Global Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control Scheme for Second-Order Systems , 2020, IEEE Access.

[48]  Davies Jonathan,et al.  Global deployment of large capacity stationary fuel cells , 2019 .

[49]  S. Gulati,et al.  Control of Nonlinear Systems Using Terminal Sliding Modes , 1992, 1992 American Control Conference.

[50]  Tousif Khan Nizami,et al.  Neural Network Integrated Adaptive Backstepping Control of DC-DC Boost Converter , 2020 .

[51]  Chian-Song Chiu,et al.  Finite-time control of DC–DC buck converters via integral terminal sliding modes , 2012 .