Entropy Generation Minimisation and Exergy analysis approaches for aerospace applications - A review

Based on the first and second law of thermodynamics, exergy analysis provides a method to optimise future aircraft by mapping the energy use through the entire system. By highlighting areas where useful energy is destroyed through entropy generation, exergy analysis can focus a designer on the design aspects that require improvement. This also provides a common energy-based metric allowing comparison of dissimilar technologies and cost analysis throughout a system. The paper will focus on the origins and make up of this analysis technique, and how this method may have the potential to develop new and innovative concepts that do not just marginally improve performance but may enable the realization of entirely new regimes of performance and operability. It will also discuss why second law derived methods are not being widely adopted outside the classic thermodynamic systems such as engines, and will look at areas for future development in the aerospace domain are also discussed.

[1]  Guilherme Silva,et al.  Exergy Analysis as a Tool to Decision Making in Aircraft Design , 2007 .

[2]  Richard A. Gaggioli,et al.  The Exergy of Lift and Aircraft Exergy Flow Diagrams , 2003 .

[3]  M. R. von Spakovsky,et al.  A study of various energy- and exergy-based optimisation metrics for the design of high performance aircraft systems , 2008, The Aeronautical Journal (1968).

[4]  Bryce Alexander Roth.  Work Transfer Analysis of Turbojet and Turbofan Engines , 2004 .

[5]  Adrian Bejan,et al.  Constructal Theory: Tree-Shaped Flows and Energy Systems for Aircraft , 2003 .

[6]  David Nixon,et al.  Far Field Effects of Wing Wakes , 2007 .

[7]  Bryce Alexander Roth.  Work Potential Perspective of Engine Component Performance , 2002 .

[8]  Greg F. Naterer,et al.  Modeling of Entropy Production in Turbulent Flows , 2004 .

[9]  Dimitri N. Mavris,et al.  Method for Propulsion Technology Impact Evaluation via Thermodynamic Work Potential , 2003 .

[10]  George C. Greene.  An entropy method for induced drag minimization , 1989 .

[11]  Jose Camberos,et al.  On the Construction of Exergy Balance Equations for Availability Analysis , 2002 .

[12]  Richard A. Gaggioli,et al.  Available Energy—Part II: Gibbs Extended , 2002 .

[13]  Bryce Alexander Roth,et al.  A theoretical treatment of technical risk in modern propulsion system design , 2000 .

[14]  Mirko Hornung,et al.  Unified Applicable Propulsion System Performance Metrics , 2013 .

[15]  Patrick Keogh,et al.  Elucidation of aircraft energy use through time-variant exergy analysis , 2011 .

[16]  Keith Merritt Brewer.  Exergy Methods for the Mission-Level Analysis and Optimization of Generic Hypersonic Vehicles , 2006 .

[17]  Richard Figliola,et al.  Exergy Based Design Methodology for Airfoil Shape Optimization , 2004 .

[18]  Jose A. Camberos,et al.  Systems Engineering in Terms of Exergy , 2007 .

[19]  Jan Szargut,et al.  Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes , 1988 .

[20]  Kyle Charles Markell,et al.  Exergy Methods for the Generic Analysis and Optimization of Hypersonic Vehicle Concepts , 2005 .

[21]  A. Bejan.  Entropy Generation Minimization: The Method of Thermodynamic Optimization of Finite-Size Systems and Finite-Time Processes , 1995 .

[22]  Wright Patterson,et al.  A Review of Numerical Methods in Light of the Second Law of Thermodynamics , 2007 .

[23]  Michael R. von Spakovsky,et al.  The Use of Exergy and Decomposition Techniques in the Development of Generic Analysis, and Optimization Methodologies Applicable to the Synthesis/Design of Aircraft/Aerospace Systems , 2006 .

[24]  David W. Riggins,et al.  THRUST LOSSES IN HYPERSONIC ENGINES PART 2 : APPLICATIONS , 1997 .

[25]  Ricardo Gandolfi,et al.  More Electric Aircraft Analysis Using Exergy as a Design Comparison Tool , 2010 .

[26]  Richard A. Gaggioli,et al.  Rational Objective Functions for Vehicles , 2003 .

[27]  Charles R. Mcclinton,et al.  Thrust Losses in Hypersonic Engines Part 1: Methodology , 1997 .

[28]  Tomas Grönstedt,et al.  First and Second Law Analysis of Future Aircraft Engines , 2013 .

[29]  Jose A. Camberos,et al.  Assessing CFD Modeling of Entropy Generation for the Air Frame Subsystem in an Integrated Aircraft Design/Synthesis Procedure , 2006 .

[30]  Scott Christopher Monsch,et al.  A study of induced drag and spanwise lift distribution for three-dimensional inviscid flow over a wing , 2007 .

[31]  David W. Riggins,et al.  Methods for the Design of Energy Efficient High Speed Aerospace Vehicles , 2007 .

[32]  Patrick Keogh,et al.  New Principles for Dynamic Aircraft Exergy Mapping , 2013 .

[33]  Jose A. Camberos,et al.  Exergy Based Design Methodology for Airfoil Shape Optimization and Wing Analysis , 2007 .

[34]  G. Naterer,et al.  The role of entropy and the second law in computational thermofluids , 2001 .

[35]  A. Bejan.  Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes , 1996 .

[36]  Escola Politécnica,et al.  Exergy Analysis Applied to a Complete Flight Mission of a Commercial Aircraft , 2008 .

[37]  Escola Politécnica,et al.  Exergy Analysis as a Tool for Decision Making in Aircraft Systems Design , 2007 .

[38]  Enrico Sciubba,et al.  A brief Commented History of Exergy From the Beginnings to 2004 , 2007 .

[39]  Daren Yu,et al.  Theoretical Treatment of Comparison of Performance Between Two Scramjet Engines with Energy-Bypass Based on Exergy Method , 2008 .

[40]  Marc A. Rosen,et al.  Exergy losses for aerospace engines - Effect of reference-environments on assessment accuracy , 2000 .

[41]  David Nixon.  Simple Adaptive Planforms For Wings , 2004 .

[42]  J. H. Lewis.  Propulsive efficiency from an energy utilization standpoint , 1976 .

[43]  Kenneth Wayne Smith,et al.  Morphing Wing Fighter Aircraft Synthesis/Design Optimization , 2009 .

[44]  Richard A. Gaggioli,et al.  Available Energy—Part I: Gibbs Revisited , 2002 .

[45]  J. H. Horlock,et al.  Availability and Propulsion , 1975 .

[46]  Howard Brilliant,et al.  Analysis of scramjet engines using exergy methods , 1995 .

[47]  Diego Fernando Rancruel,et al.  A Decomposition Strategy Based on Thermoeconomic Isolation Applied to the Optimal Synthesis/Design and Operation of an Advanced Fighter Aircraft System , 2003 .

[48]  Adrian Bejan,et al.  Entropy Generation Minimization, Exergy Analysis, and the Constructal Law , 2013 .

[49]  Jose A. Camberos,et al.  Exergy Analysis and Design Optimization for Aerospace Vehicles and Systems , 2011 .

[50]  Adrian Bejan.  Architecture from exergy-based global optimization - Tree-shaped flows and energy systems for aircraft , 2000 .

[51]  Christopher D. Marley,et al.  Exergy Analysis of a Turbojet Engine Modeled as a Lumped Parameter System , 2012 .

[52]  R. Haywood.  A critical review of the theorems of thermodynamic availability, with concise formulations. II - Irreversibility , 1974 .

[53]  Jose Camberos,et al.  Entropy concavity, the second law, and the concept of exergy in thermophysics , 1999 .

[54]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  EXERGY ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT FLIGHT SYSTEMS , 2013 .

[55]  Ruxandra Botez,et al.  Real Time Morphing Wing Optimization Validation Using Wind-Tunnel Tests , 2010 .

[56]  Michael R. von Spakovsky,et al.  Investigation of the Effects of Various Energy and Exergy-Based Figures of Merit on the Optimal Design of a High Performance Aircraft System , 2006 .

[57]  David W. Riggins,et al.  Evaluation of Performance Loss Methods for High-Speed Engines and Engine Components , 1997 .

[58]  David W. Riggins,et al.  The Second-Law Based Analysis of Aerospace Vehicle Performance , 2006 .

[59]  Jeffrey Robert Butt,et al.  A Study of Morphing Wing Effectiveness in Fighter Aircraft using Exergy Analysis and Global Optimization Techniques , 2005 .

[60]  Y. R. Mayhew,et al.  Engineering Thermodynamics: Work and Heat Transfer , 1967 .

[61]  Michael R. von Spakovsky,et al.  Advanced Fighter Aircraft Sub-Systems Optimal Synthesis/Design and Operation: Airframe Integration Using a Thermoeconomic Approach , 2004 .

[62]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Flight structures fundamental research trends and directions , 2009, The Aeronautical Journal (1968).

[63]  Jose A. Camberos,et al.  Benefits of Exergy-Based Analysis for Aerospace Engineering Applications: Part 1 , 2008 .

[64]  Jose A. Camberos,et al.  Statistical, Modular Systems Integration Using Combined Energy & Exergy Concepts , 2010 .

[65]  Marc A. Rosen,et al.  EXERGETIC ANALYSIS OF AN AIRCRAFT TURBOJET ENGINE WITH AN AFTERBURNER , 2013 .

[66]  Michael R. von Spakovsky,et al.  Exergy Methods Applied to the Integrated Mission-Level Analysis and Optimization of Hypersonic Vehicle Concepts , 2007 .

[67]  David Nixon.  A Relationship Between Wave Drag and Induced Drag , 2003 .

[68]  John H. Doty,et al.  Designed Experiments: Statistical Approach to Energy- and Exergy-Based Optimization , 2009 .

[69]  Michael R. von Spakovsky,et al.  A Study of the Benefits of Using Morphing Wing Technology in Fighter Aircraft Systems , 2007 .

[70]  Jose A. Camberos,et al.  Energy Analysis Applied to External Aerodynamics of High-Speed Flow , 2006 .

[71]  David J. Moorhouse,et al.  Benefits and design challenges of adaptive structures for morphing aircraft , 2006, The Aeronautical Journal (1968).