Intrapleural placement of a nasogastric tube: an unusual complication of nasotracheal intubation

PurposeAlthough rare, the misplacement of nasogastric tubes into the pleural space has been described. The prognosis of such injuries is improved by prompt recognition; therefore, it is important for physicians who practice nasogastric intubation to be aware of this potential complication, and to be familiar with an approach to early diagnosis.Clinical featuresWe present a case of perforation of the cervical oesophagus by a Polyvinylchloride nasogastric tube, following a traumatic attempt at nasotracheal intubation. This resulted in passage of the nasogastric tube into the pleural space.ConclusionsOur experience with this case and a review of the relevant literature suggest that such trauma may predispose to malplacement of nasogastric tubes. Clinical signs, such as aspiration of fluid from a nasogastric tube, and auscultation of air insufflated into the stomach, are unreliable; however, the presence of subcutaneous air in the neck on chest radiograph, and the presence of cervical crepitance on physical examination, are valuable signs in the early diagnosis of perforation of the cervical oesophagus. Contrast oesophagography remains the diagnostic manoeuvre of choice in confirming the diagnosis, but early diagnosis will depend on a high index of suspicion and prompt viewing of chest x-rays. The management and the prognosis of such injuries depends on the level of the perforation, delays in diagnosis, and the presence of associated mediastinitis.RésuméObjectifMalgré sa rareté, l’introduction accidentelle d’une sonde nasogastrique dans l’espace pleural a déjà été décrite. Le diagnostic précoce peut permettre d’améliorer le pronostic de cette complication. Il est donc important que les médecins qui pratiquent le tubage nasogastrique connaissent cette complication éventuelle et soient capables de la diagnostiquer très tôt.Eléments cliniquesLes auteurs présentent le cas d’une perforation oesophagienne cervicale. Cette complication causée par une sonde nasogastrique en chlorure de polyvinyle est survenue à la suite d’une tentative d’intubation nasotrachéale traumatique. La sonde a alors pénétré dans l’espace pleural.ConclusionNotre expérience actuelle et une revue de la littérature pertinente suggèrent que ce type de traumatisme peut prédisposer à l’installation fautive de sondes nasogastriques. Les signes cliniques comme l’aspiration de liquide par la sonde et l’auscultation d’air insufflé dans l’estomac ne sont pas fiables; cependant, l’image radiologique d’air souscutané cervical et la présence de crépitations à l’examen physique du cou sont des signes valides de la perforation oesophagienne cervicale. L’oesophagographie de contraste permet de confirmer le diagnostic mais un haut degré de soupçon et un examen rapide de la radiographie du thorax permettent un diagnostic précoce. La prise en charge et le pronostic de ces lésions sont tributaires du niveau de la perforation, de la précocité du diagnostic et présence d’une médiastinite.

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