Effects of radiodetoxified endotoxin on nitric oxide production in J774 macrophages and in endotoxin shock

Radiodetoxified lipopolysaccharide (RD-LPS) is a 60Co-gamma-irradiated LPS with a modified structure, which decreases its toxic effects. To obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of the reduced toxicity of RD-LPS, here we studied the effect of RD-LPS on the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production in vitro and in vivo. In control cells, stimulation by native LPS (10 μg/ml) induced the expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and production of NO, as measured by increase in the concentration of nitrite, breakdown product of NO. Pre-exposure of the cells for 24 h to a subthreshold concentration of RD-LPS (10 ng/ml) induced a complete desensitization to the LPS-induced NO production in comparison to control cells (P < 0.01). On the contrary, pre-exposure of the cells with native LPS (10 ng/ml) did not reduce LPS-induced NO synthesis. RD-LPS induced a smaller production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) than native LPS, but did not induce a desensitization against subsequent LPS-induced TNF synthesis. ln in vivo studies, pretreatment of rats with repeated doses of sublethal RD-LPS (1 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4 days) inhibited increase of plasma nitrate/nitrite levels, NO production in peritoneal macrophages ex vivo and induction of lung iNOS activity, in response to a high-dose LPS challenge (15 mg/kg i.p.) given at the fifth day. Pretreatment with repeated sublethal doses of the native LPS (1 mg/kg/day i.p.) did not affect NO production in rats subjected to endotoxic shock. The results demonstrate that RD-LPS induces tolerance to the stimulatory effect of LPS on NO synthesis. Suppression of iNOS induction was only observed with RD-LPS, but not with native LPS in the models used herein. It remains to be further investigated whether suppression of iNOS induction by RD-LPS contributes to the protective effects of this compound in shock and inflammation.