3D printing in dentistry

3D printing has been hailed as a disruptive technology which will change manufacturing. Used in aerospace, defence, art and design, 3D printing is becoming a subject of great interest in surgery. The technology has a particular resonance with dentistry, and with advances in 3D imaging and modelling technologies such as cone beam computed tomography and intraoral scanning, and with the relatively long history of the use of CAD CAM technologies in dentistry, it will become of increasing importance. Uses of 3D printing include the production of drill guides for dental implants, the production of physical models for prosthodontics, orthodontics and surgery, the manufacture of dental, craniomaxillofacial and orthopaedic implants, and the fabrication of copings and frameworks for implant and dental restorations. This paper reviews the types of 3D printing technologies available and their various applications in dentistry and in maxillofacial surgery.

[1]  J. Kruth,et al.  Benchmarking of different SLS/SLM processes as Rapid Manufacturing techniques , 2005 .

[2]  E. T. Camarini,et al.  Reconstruction of frontal bone using specific implant polyether-ether-ketone. , 2011, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[3]  Richard van Noort,et al.  The future of dental devices is digital. , 2012 .

[4]  Ehsan Farjood,et al.  Rapid Prototyping Technologies and their Applications in Prosthodontics, a Review of Literature , 2015, Journal of dentistry.

[5]  A. Farman,et al.  Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. , 2006, Journal.

[6]  I. Naert,et al.  Digital versus conventional implant impressions for edentulous patients: accuracy outcomes. , 2016, Clinical oral implants research.

[7]  S. Nikzad,et al.  The evolution of rapid prototyping in dentistry: a review , 2009 .

[8]  A. Vissink,et al.  Fully 3‐dimensional digitally planned reconstruction of a mandible with a free vascularized fibula and immediate placement of an implant‐supported prosthetic construction , 2013, Head & neck.

[9]  Jianyu Chen,et al.  Design and manufacture of customized dental implants by using reverse engineering and selective laser melting technology. , 2014, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[10]  Y. Nishimura,et al.  Influence of cyclic loading on fiber post and composite resin core. , 2008, Dental materials journal.

[11]  Rainer Schmelzeisen,et al.  Three-dimensional plotting and printing of an implant drilling guide: simplifying guided implant surgery. , 2013, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[12]  D. Silva,et al.  Dimensional error of selective laser sintering, three-dimensional printing and PolyJet models in the reproduction of mandibular anatomy. , 2009, Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.

[13]  H. H. Malik,et al.  Three-dimensional printing in surgery: a review of current surgical applications. , 2015, The Journal of surgical research.

[14]  Leanne M Sykes,et al.  Applications of rapid prototyping technology in maxillofacial prosthetics. , 2004, The International journal of prosthodontics.

[15]  P. O'Neil.  Cone Beam Computed Tomography for General Dentists , 2012 .

[16]  Ming C. Leu,et al.  Rapid prototyping in dentistry: technology and application , 2006 .

[17]  W A Kalender,et al.  Rapid protyping technology in medicine--basics and applications. , 1999, Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society.

[18]  M. Özcan,et al.  Cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics. , 2016, International endodontic journal.

[19]  Daniel van Steenberghe,et al.  Immediately loaded CAD-CAM manufactured fixed complete dentures using flapless implant placement procedures: a cohort study of consecutive patients. , 2007, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[20]  R. Bibb,et al.  Rapid manufacture of removable partial denture frameworks , 2006 .

[21]  Ilser Turkyilmaz,et al.  Reliability of implant placement with stereolithographic surgical guides generated from computed tomography: clinical data from 94 implants. , 2008, Journal of periodontology.

[22]  J L Coudert,et al.  Precise dental implant placement in bone using surgical guides in conjunction with medical imaging techniques. , 2000, The Journal of oral implantology.

[23]  Albert Mehl,et al.  Accuracy of complete-arch dental impressions: a new method of measuring trueness and precision. , 2013, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[24]  R. Richards,et al.  Use of custom surgical stents for facial bone contouring - a new technique , 2011 .

[25]  Jean-Pierre Kruth,et al.  Digital manufacturing of biocompatible metal frameworks for complex dental prostheses by means of SLS/SLM , 2005 .

[26]  Brett A Miles,et al.  Stereolithography for craniofacial surgery. , 2006, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[27]  P. Tardieu,et al.  Computer-assisted implant placement: scan template, simplant, surgiguide, and SAFE system. , 2007, The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry.

[28]  Jian Sun,et al.  Fabrication of porous titanium implants by three-dimensional printing and sintering at different temperatures. , 2012, Dental materials journal.

[29]  Per Vult von Steyern,et al.  The fit of cobalt-chromium three-unit fixed dental prostheses fabricated with four different techniques: a comparative in vitro study. , 2011, Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials.

[30]  Jayanthi Parthasarathy,et al.  3D modeling, custom implants and its future perspectives in craniofacial surgery , 2014, Annals of maxillofacial surgery.

[31]  Felice Festa,et al.  Rapid prototyping: a new method of preparing trays for indirect bonding. , 2006, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[32]  Heidi B. Aaronson,et al.  Dental impressions using 3D digital scanners: virtual becomes reality. , 2008, Compendium of continuing education in dentistry.

[33]  N. van Assche,et al.  Impact of supportive periodontal therapy and implant surface roughness on implant outcome in patients with a history of periodontitis. , 2007, Journal of clinical periodontology.

[34]  Hom-Lay Wang,et al.  Dental Imaging in Implant Treatment Planning , 2010, Implant dentistry.

[35]  S. Patel,et al.  New dimensions in endodontic imaging: Part 2. Cone beam computed tomography. , 2009, International endodontic journal.

[36]  E. D. Rekow,et al.  Computer-aided design and fabrication of dental restorations: current systems and future possibilities. , 2006, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[37]  I. Ono,et al.  Producing a full-scale model from computed tomographic data with the rapid prototyping technique using the binder jet method: a comparison with the laser lithography method using a dry skull. , 2000, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[38]  Pablo Irarrazaval,et al.  Sensitivity analysis of geometric errors in additive manufacturing medical models. , 2015, Medical engineering & physics.

[39]  Andonović Vladan,et al.  Growing rapid prototyping as a technology in dental medicine , 2010 .

[40]  Ilser Turkyilmaz,et al.  Reliability of implant placement with stereolithographic surgical guides generated from computed tomography: clinical data from 94 implants. , 2008, Journal of periodontology.

[41]  Joseph J. Beaman,et al.  Process and control issues in selective laser sintering , 1988 .

[42]  Orhan C. Tuncay.  The Invisalign System , 2017 .

[43]  Benjamin M Wu,et al.  Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials , 2015, Journal of Biological Engineering.

[44]  Sercan Akyalcin,et al.  Diagnostic accuracy of impression-free digital models. , 2013, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[45]  Ciprian Ionita,et al.  Three-dimensional printing to facilitate anatomic study, device development, simulation, and planning in thoracic surgery. , 2015, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[46]  T. Starr,et al.  Additive manufacturing technology (direct metal laser sintering) as a novel approach to fabricate functionally graded titanium implants: preliminary investigation of fabrication parameters. , 2013, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[47]  F. Melchels,et al.  A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[48]  R Jacobs,et al.  Accuracy of implant placement based on pre-surgical planning of three-dimensional cone-beam images: a pilot study. , 2007, Journal of clinical periodontology.

[49]  Tomiharu Matsushita,et al.  Additive-manufactured patient-specific titanium templates for thoracic pedicle screw placement: novel design with reduced contact area , 2016, European Spine Journal.

[50]  David C Hatcher,et al.  The role of cone-beam computed tomography in the planning and placement of implants. , 2010, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[51]  Mika Salmi,et al.  Accuracy of medical models made by additive manufacturing (rapid manufacturing). , 2013, Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.

[52]  Siegbert Witkowski,et al.  Marginal accuracy of titanium copings fabricated by casting and CAD/CAM techniques. , 2006, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[53]  M. Eghbal,et al.  The Applications of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics: A Review of Literature , 2014, Iranian endodontic journal.

[54]  Ming-June Tsai,et al.  Study of mandible reconstruction using a fibula flap with application of additive manufacturing technology , 2014, Biomedical engineering online.

[55]  David C Hatcher,et al.  Cone beam CT for pre-surgical assessment of implant sites. , 2003, Journal of the California Dental Association.

[56]  I. Hutchison,et al.  Computer guided surgery for implant placement and dental rehabilitation in a patient undergoing sub-total mandibulectomy and microvascular free flap reconstruction. , 2013, The Journal of oral implantology.

[57]  Anssi J. Mäkynen,et al.  Recent advances in dental optics – Part I: 3D intraoral scanners for restorative dentistry , 2014 .

[58]  R Richards,et al.  A review of rapid prototyped surgical guides for patient-specific total knee replacement. , 2012, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[59]  G. Charalampakis,et al.  Clinical and microbiological characteristics of peri-implantitis cases: a retrospective multicentre study. , 2012, Clinical oral implants research.

[60]  R. Jacobs,et al.  A comparative evaluation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and Multi-Slice CT (MSCT). Part II: On 3D model accuracy. , 2010, European journal of radiology.

[61]  Jan Wolff,et al.  Application of Additive Manufacturing in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. , 2015, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[62]  Wei-Shao Lin,et al.  Use of intraoral digital scanning for a CAD/CAM-fabricated milled bar and superstructure framework for an implant-supported, removable complete dental prosthesis. , 2015, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[63]  K. Venkatesh,et al.  Direct Metal Laser Sintering: A Digitised Metal Casting Technology , 2013, Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society.

[64]  P. Coulthard,et al.  Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[65]  Tatjana Dostalova,et al.  Possibility of reconstruction of dental plaster cast from 3D digital study models , 2013, Biomedical engineering online.

[66]  T Miyazaki,et al.  CAD/CAM systems available for the fabrication of crown and bridge restorations. , 2011, Australian dental journal.

[67]  C K Chua,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional poly(ether-ether-ketone)/-hydroxyapatite biocomposite scaffolds using laser sintering , 2005, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[68]  Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva,et al.  Dimensional error in selective laser sintering and 3D-printing of models for craniomaxillary anatomy reconstruction. , 2008, Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.