Current management of colorectal hepatic metastasis

In the USA, cancers of the colon and rectum are the third most common site of new cancer cases and cancer deaths. With improved screening and adjuvant therapy, the survival of patients has increased substantially over the last decade. However, patients with metastatic disease often have limited survival. Hepatic metastasis is one of the most frequent sites of metastatic disease. In fact, 35–55% of patients with colorectal cancer will develop hepatic metastasis at some time during the course of their disease. Patients who are able to undergo complete resection of their hepatic metastases have the best chance of long-term survival. The goal of hepatic resection is to achieve complete resection of all metastases with microscopically negative surgical margins while preserving sufficient hepatic parenchyma. Survival following hepatic resection of colorectal metastasis now approaches 35–50%. However, approximately 65% of patients will have a recurrence at 5 years. Increasingly chemotherapeutic agents are being offered in the preoperative setting prior to operation. At the time of operation, patients with extensive hepatic disease can sometimes be offered ablative therapies combined with resection or staged approaches. Modern management of hepatic colorectal metastases necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to effectively treat these patients and increase the number of patients who will benefit from resection.

[1]  Linda Mol,et al.  Chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[2]  E. Abdalla,et al.  A Marking Technique for Intraoperative Localization of Small Liver Metastases Before Systemic Chemotherapy , 2009, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[3]  M. Choti,et al.  Trends in Nontherapeutic Laparotomy Rates in Patients Undergoing Surgical Therapy for Hepatic Colorectal Metastases , 2009, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[4]  M. Choti,et al.  Colorectal liver metastases: recurrence and survival following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection-radiofrequency ablation. , 2008, Archives of surgery.

[5]  Dongsheng Tu,et al.  K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[6]  F. Kabbinavar,et al.  Bevacizumab Improves the Overall and Progression-Free Survival of Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with 5-Fluorouracil-Based Regimens Irrespective of Baseline Risk , 2008, Oncology.

[7]  D. Jaeck,et al.  Bilobar colorectal liver metastases: treatment options. , 2008, Surgical oncology clinics of North America.

[8]  Thomas Gruenberger,et al.  Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial , 2008, The Lancet.

[9]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer Statistics, 2008 , 2008, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[10]  V. Vilgrain,et al.  Right Portal Vein Ligation is as Efficient as Portal Vein Embolization to Induce Hypertrophy of the Left Liver Remnant , 2008, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[11]  P. Tekkis,et al.  Evaluation of Long-term Survival After Hepatic Resection for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Multifactorial Model of 929 Patients , 2008, Annals of surgery.

[12]  Timothy M. Pawlik,et al.  Surgical Margins during Hepatic Surgery for Colorectal Liver Metastases: Complete Resection not Millimeters Defines Outcome , 2007, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[13]  L. Ellis,et al.  Bevacizumab improves pathologic response and protects against hepatic injury in patients treated with oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases , 2007, Cancer.

[14]  E. Abdalla,et al.  Portal vein embolization before major hepatectomy and its effects on regeneration, resectability and outcome , 2007, The British journal of surgery.

[15]  M. Ducreux,et al.  Hepatic resection after rescue cetuximab treatment for colorectal liver metastases previously refractory to conventional systemic therapy. , 2007, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[16]  M. Choti,et al.  Operative Mortality After Hepatic Resection: Are Literature-Based Rates Broadly Applicable? , 2007, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[17]  M. Choti,et al.  Simultaneous Resections of Colorectal Cancer and Synchronous Liver Metastases: A Multi-institutional Analysis , 2007, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[18]  A. Loft,et al.  Liver metastases from colorectal cancer: imaging with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced MR imaging, computed tomography and positron emission tomography , 2007, Abdominal Imaging.

[19]  J. Donohue,et al.  Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Metastases: Value for Risk Scoring Systems? , 2007, Annals of surgery.

[20]  M. Gonen,et al.  The Impact of Margins on Outcome After Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Metastasis , 2007, Annals of surgery.

[21]  J. Figueras,et al.  Effect of subcentimeter nonpositive resection margin on hepatic recurrence in patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Evidences from 663 liver resections. , 2007, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[22]  Michael A. Choti,et al.  Surgical Therapy for Colorectal Metastases to the Liver , 2007, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[23]  H. Malik,et al.  Prognostic influence of multiple hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. , 2007, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[24]  K. Nagai,et al.  Multiple resections for hepatic and pulmonary metastases of colorectal carcinoma. , 2007, Japanese journal of clinical oncology.

[25]  M. Makuuchi,et al.  Simplified staging system for predicting the prognosis of patients with resectable liver metastasis: development and validation. , 2007, Archives of surgery.

[26]  M. Gonen,et al.  Lack of Evidence for Increased Operative Morbidity After Hepatectomy with Perioperative Use of Bevacizumab: A Matched Case-Control Study , 2007, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[27]  M. Choti,et al.  Preoperative positron emission tomography to evaluate potentially resectable hepatic colorectal metastases. , 2006, Archives of surgery.

[28]  M. Choti,et al.  Selection of Patients for Resection of Hepatic Colorectal Metastases: Expert Consensus Statement , 2006, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[29]  P. Morel,et al.  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and resection of advanced synchronous liver metastases before treatment of the colorectal primary , 2006, The British journal of surgery.

[30]  T. Pawlik,et al.  Chemotherapy regimen predicts steatohepatitis and an increase in 90-day mortality after surgery for hepatic colorectal metastases. , 2006, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[31]  A. Lièvre,et al.  KRAS mutation status is predictive of response to cetuximab therapy in colorectal cancer. , 2006, Cancer research.

[32]  T. Pawlik,et al.  Debunking dogma: Surgery for four or more colorectal liver metastases is justified , 2006, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[33]  C. Tournigand,et al.  OPTIMOX1: a randomized study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with oxaliplatin in a stop-and-Go fashion in advanced colorectal cancer--a GERCOR study. , 2006, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[34]  B. Nordlinger,et al.  Influence of Preoperative Chemotherapy on the Risk of Major Hepatectomy for Colorectal Liver Metastases , 2006, Annals of surgery.

[35]  Amin Rostami-Hodjegan,et al.  Changes in liver volume from birth to adulthood: A meta‐analysis , 2005, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[36]  A. Zwinderman,et al.  Colorectal liver metastases: CT, MR imaging, and PET for diagnosis--meta-analysis. , 2005, Radiology.

[37]  L. Ellis,et al.  Surgical resection after downsizing of colorectal liver metastasis in the era of bevacizumab. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[38]  B. Nordlinger,et al.  Treatment strategy for patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous irresectable liver metastases , 2005, The British journal of surgery.

[39]  W. Hawkins,et al.  Effect of steatohepatitis associated with irinotecan or oxaliplatin pretreatment on resectability of hepatic colorectal metastases. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[40]  Evelyne M. Loyer,et al.  Effect of Surgical Margin Status on Survival and Site of Recurrence After Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Metastases , 2005, Annals of surgery.

[41]  T. Pawlik,et al.  Catalytic subunit of human telomerase reverse transcriptase is an independent predictor of survival in patients undergoing curative resection of hepatic colorectal metastases: a multicenter analysis. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[42]  M. Pocard,et al.  Hepatectomy plus intraoperative radiofrequency ablation and chemotherapy to treat technically unresectable multiple colorectal liver metastases , 2005, Journal of surgical oncology.

[43]  O. Garden,et al.  Prognostic scoring in colorectal cancer liver metastases: development and validation. , 2005, Archives of surgery.

[44]  P. Bachellier,et al.  A Two-Stage Hepatectomy Procedure Combined With Portal Vein Embolization to Achieve Curative Resection for Initially Unresectable Multiple and Bilobar Colorectal Liver Metastases , 2004, Annals of surgery.

[45]  F. Lévi,et al.  Tumor Progression While on Chemotherapy: A Contraindication to Liver Resection for Multiple Colorectal Metastases? , 2004, Annals of surgery.

[46]  P. Clavien,et al.  Does the Novel PET/CT Imaging Modality Impact on the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer of the Liver? , 2004, Annals of surgery.

[47]  Bernard Paule,et al.  Rescue Surgery for Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases Downstaged by Chemotherapy: A Model to Predict Long-term Survival , 2004, Annals of surgery.

[48]  S. Larson,et al.  Sequential preoperative fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography assessment of response to preoperative chemoradiation: a means for determining longterm outcomes of rectal cancer. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[49]  D. Nagorney,et al.  Concurrent vs. Staged Colectomy and Hepatectomy for Primary Colorectal Cancer With Synchronous Hepatic Metastases , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[50]  J. Berlin,et al.  Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[51]  T. Pawlik,et al.  Is Extended Hepatectomy for Hepatobiliary Malignancy Justified? , 2004, Annals of surgery.

[52]  M. Makuuchi,et al.  Single and multiple resections of multiple hepatic metastases of colorectal origin. , 2004, Surgery.

[53]  M. Makuuchi,et al.  Surgery for multiple hepatic colorectal metastases. , 2004, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

[54]  Alban Denys,et al.  Total and segmental liver volume variations: implications for liver surgery. , 2004, Surgery.

[55]  M. Caterino,et al.  Evaluation of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma with MR-superparamagnetic iron oxide. , 2004, Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR.

[56]  L. Rubbia‐Brandt,et al.  Severe hepatic sinusoidal obstruction associated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. , 2004, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[57]  H. Shimada,et al.  Results of surgical treatment for multiple (≥5 nodules) bi-lobar hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer , 2004, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.

[58]  L. Ellis,et al.  Perioperative complications in patients undergoing major liver resection with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy , 2003, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[59]  J. Fleshman,et al.  Liver resection for colorectal metastases. , 2003, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[60]  Janice Ward,et al.  Colorectal hepatic metastases: detection with SPIO-enhanced breath-hold MR imaging--comparison of optimized sequences. , 2003, Radiology.

[61]  Robert C. G. Martin,et al.  Simultaneous liver and colorectal resections are safe for synchronous colorectal liver metastasis. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[62]  K. Hirata,et al.  Efficacy of SPIO-MR Imaging in the Diagnosis of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Carcinomas , 2003, Digestive Surgery.

[63]  E. Abdalla,et al.  Right portal vein ligation: a new planned two-step all-surgical approach for complete resection of primary gastrointestinal tumors with multiple bilateral liver metastases. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[64]  Elliot K Fishman,et al.  Surgically staged focal liver lesions: accuracy and reproducibility of dual-phase helical CT for detection and characterization. , 2003, Radiology.

[65]  Jeffrey S. Morris,et al.  Portal vein embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles and coils in preparation for major liver resection for hepatobiliary malignancy: safety and effectiveness--study in 26 patients. , 2003, Radiology.

[66]  P. Bachellier,et al.  One or two-stage hepatectomy combined with portal vein embolization for initially nonresectable colorectal liver metastases. , 2003, American journal of surgery.

[67]  V. Vilgrain,et al.  Portal Vein Embolization Before Right Hepatectomy: Prospective Clinical Trial , 2003, Annals of surgery.

[68]  M. Rivoire,et al.  Combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cryotherapy and surgical resection for the treatment of unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma , 2002, Cancer.

[69]  N. Habib,et al.  New Technique for Liver Resection Using Heat Coagulative Necrosis , 2002, Annals of surgery.

[70]  E. Achilles,et al.  Portal vein embolization vs. portal vein ligation for induction of hypertrophy of the future liver remnant , 2002, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[71]  A. Gardini,et al.  Liver resection for multiple colorectal metastases: influence of parenchymal involvement and total tumor volume, vs number or location, on long-term survival. , 2002, Archives of surgery.

[72]  Ying Lu,et al.  Detection of hepatic metastases from cancers of the gastrointestinal tract by using noninvasive imaging methods (US, CT, MR imaging, PET): a meta-analysis. , 2002, Radiology.

[73]  M. Oudkerk,et al.  Ferumoxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques in pre-operative assessment for colorectal liver metastases. , 2002, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[74]  M. Gonen,et al.  Second Liver Resections Are Safe and Effective Treatment for Recurrent Hepatic Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: A Bi-institutional Analysis , 2002, Annals of surgery.

[75]  Michael A. Choti,et al.  Trends in Long-Term Survival Following Liver Resection for Hepatic Colorectal Metastases , 2002, Annals of surgery.

[76]  Steven A Curley,et al.  Extended hepatectomy in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies with and without preoperative portal vein embolization. , 2002, Archives of surgery.

[77]  Lee M Ellis,et al.  Enhanced antitumor activity of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody IMC-C225 in combination with irinotecan (CPT-11) against human colorectal tumor xenografts. , 2002, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[78]  M. Lonneux,et al.  FDG-PET improves the staging and selection of patients with recurrent colorectal cancer , 2002, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

[79]  Roland Materne,et al.  Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults , 2002, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[80]  Fritz Wrba,et al.  Current value of intraoperative sonography during surgery for hepatic neoplasms , 2002, World Journal of Surgery.

[81]  C. Arteaga The epidermal growth factor receptor: from mutant oncogene in nonhuman cancers to therapeutic target in human neoplasia. , 2001, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[82]  I. Matot,et al.  Combined colon and hepatic resection for synchronous colorectal liver metastases , 2001, Journal of surgical oncology.

[83]  F. Lévi,et al.  Five-Year Survival Following Hepatic Resection After Neoadjuvant Therapy for Nonresectable Colorectal [Liver] Metastases , 2001, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[84]  D. Miller,et al.  Surgical treatment of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colon cancer. , 2001, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[85]  G. Sledge,et al.  Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with advanced cancer. , 2001, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[86]  J P Pignon,et al.  Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[87]  H. Bismuth,et al.  Two-Stage Hepatectomy: A Planned Strategy to Treat Irresectable Liver Tumors , 2000, Annals of surgery.

[88]  T. de Baère,et al.  Usefulness of intraoperative radiofrequency thermoablation of liver tumours associated or not with hepatectomy. , 2000, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[89]  W. Jarnagin,et al.  Survival After Resection of Multiple Hepatic Colorectal Metastases , 2000, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[90]  O. Farges,et al.  Seven hundred forty-seven hepatectomies in the 1990s: an update to evaluate the actual risk of liver resection. , 2000, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[91]  S S Gambhir,et al.  A meta-analysis of the literature for whole-body FDG PET detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. , 2000, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[92]  K. Do,et al.  Standardized measurement of the future liver remnant prior to extended liver resection: methodology and clinical associations. , 2000, Surgery.

[93]  R. James,et al.  Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial , 2000, The Lancet.

[94]  L. Norton,et al.  Phase I studies of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor chimeric antibody C225 alone and in combination with cisplatin. , 2000, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[95]  J. Humm,et al.  Prospective assessment of primary rectal cancer response to preoperative radiation and chemotherapy using 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[96]  Scott T. Grafton,et al.  Role of FDG-PET in the Pre-Operative Evaluation of Surgical Resection of Hepatic Metastases from Colorectal Cancer. , 1999, Clinical positron imaging : official journal of the Institute for Clinical P.E.T.

[97]  T. Starzl,et al.  Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma: a proposal of a prognostic scoring system. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[98]  L H Blumgart,et al.  Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. , 1999, Annals of surgery.

[99]  N. Kemeny,et al.  Evaluation of chest computed tomography in the staging of patients with potentially resectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma , 1999, Cancer.

[100]  L. Ellis,et al.  Radiofrequency Ablation of Unresectable Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Malignancies: Results in 123 Patients , 1999 .

[101]  T. de Baère,et al.  During liver regeneration following right portal embolization the growth rate of liver metastases is more rapid than that of the liver parenchyma , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[102]  G. Tortora,et al.  Antitumor activity of sequential treatment with topotecan and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody C225. , 1999, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[103]  J. Geoghegan,et al.  Treatment of colorectal liver metastases , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[104]  P. Robinson,et al.  Hepatic lesion detection: comparison of MR imaging after the administration of superparamagnetic iron oxide with dual-phase CT by using alternative-free response receiver operating characteristic analysis. , 1999, Radiology.

[105]  K. Sugihara,et al.  Resection of both hepatic and pulmonary metastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma , 1998, Cancer.

[106]  L. Spaggiari,et al.  Resection of hepatic and pulmonary metastases in patients with colorectal carcinoma , 1998, Cancer.

[107]  L. Spaggiari,et al.  Surgical treatment of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancers. , 1998, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[108]  P. Lavin,et al.  Surgical margin in hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis: a critical and improvable determinant of outcome. , 1998, Annals of surgery.

[109]  D. Deziel,et al.  Intraoperative ultrasound in the management of liver neoplasms. , 1997, The American surgeon.

[110]  K. Millikan,et al.  Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. , 1997, The American surgeon.

[111]  J. Forster,et al.  A study of prognostic factors for hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. , 1997, American journal of surgery.

[112]  M Oudkerk,et al.  Hepatic lesions: detection with ferumoxide-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging. , 1997, Radiology.

[113]  F. Lévi,et al.  Resection of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. , 1996, Annals of surgery.

[114]  B. Sigel,et al.  Operative ultrasound in general surgery. , 1996, American journal of surgery.

[115]  H. Bismuth,et al.  Re-resection for colorectal liver metastasis. , 1996, Surgical oncology clinics of North America.

[116]  P. gordon,et al.  Hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. , 1995, The American surgeon.

[117]  B. Plaud,et al.  Is simultaneous hepatectomy and intestinal anastomosis safe? , 1995, American journal of surgery.

[118]  D. Nagorney,et al.  Trends in Morbidity and Mortality of Hepatic Resection for Malignancy A Matched Comparative Analysis , 1994, Annals of surgery.

[119]  R. Kumar,et al.  Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor in NIH3T3/HER14 cells by antireceptor monoclonal antibodies. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[120]  D. Elias,et al.  Surgical treatment of hepatic metastases: impact of intraoperative sonography. , 1993, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[121]  V. Mazzaferro,et al.  Morbidity and mortality after surgical resection of liver tumors. Analysis of 229 cases. , 1992, Hepato-gastroenterology.

[122]  G. Mentha,et al.  Elective hepatic resection in the elderly , 1992, The British journal of surgery.

[123]  J. McGahan,et al.  Hepatic ablation with use of radio-frequency electrocautery in the animal model. , 1992, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[124]  M. Gagner Value of preoperative physiologic assessment in outcome of patients undergoing major surgical procedures. , 1991, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[125]  M. Gagner,et al.  Analysis of morbidity and mortality rates in right hepatectomy with the preoperative APACHE II score. , 1991, Surgery.

[126]  B. Sigel,et al.  Accuracy of intraoperative ultrasonography in diagnosing liver metastasis from colorectal cancer: Evaluation with postoperative follow-up results , 1991, World Journal of Surgery.

[127]  A. Altendorf-Hofmann,et al.  Indicators of prognosis after hepatic resection for colorectal secondaries. , 1991, Surgery.

[128]  H. Denk,et al.  Simultaneous resection of colorectal carcinoma and synchronous liver metastases in a district hospital , 1991, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[129]  P. Schlag,et al.  Resection of liver metastases in colorectal cancer--competitive analysis of treatment results in synchronous versus metachronous metastases. , 1990, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[130]  B. Cady,et al.  Surgical therapy for recurrent liver metastases from colorectal cancer. , 1990, Archives of surgery.

[131]  J. Lange,et al.  Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent malignant tumors of the liver. , 1989, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[132]  T. Ravikumar,et al.  Resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Biologic perspective. , 1989, Annals of surgery.

[133]  J. Ranstam,et al.  Pattern of recurrence in liver resection for colorectal secondaries , 1987, World Journal of Surgery.

[134]  B. Nordlinger,et al.  Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Liver Metastases: Influence on Survival of Preoperative Factors and Surgery for Recurrences in 80 Patients , 1987, Annals of surgery.

[135]  R. Doci,et al.  Patterns of Failure Following Surgical Resection of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Rationale for a Multimodal Approach , 1987, Annals of surgery.

[136]  L. Bolondi,et al.  Intraoperative ultrasonography in surgery for liver tumors. , 1986, Surgery.

[137]  D. Ilstrup,et al.  Resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. , 1984, Archives of surgery.

[138]  W. Longmire,et al.  Major hepatic resection. A 25-year experience. , 1983, Annals of surgery.

[139]  R. Adkins,et al.  Major Hepatic Resection , 1981, Southern medical journal.

[140]  P. Jönsson,et al.  Natural history of patients with untreated liver metastases from colorectal cancer. , 1981, American journal of surgery.

[141]  P. Sakornpant,et al.  Major hepatic resection. , 1974, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.

[142]  B. Cady,et al.  Survival of patients after colonic resection for carcinoma with simultaneous liver metastases. , 1970, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[143]  R. Parks,et al.  Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX 4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer ( EORTC Intergroup trial 40983 ) : a randomised controlled trial , 2008 .

[144]  M. Choti,et al.  Patient variability in intraoperative ultrasonographic characteristics of colorectal liver metastases. , 2008, Archives of surgery.

[145]  Michael A Choti,et al.  Expanding criteria for resectability of colorectal liver metastases. , 2008, The oncologist.

[146]  E. Abdalla,et al.  Comparison of Two Methods of Future Liver Remnant Volume Measurement , 2007, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[147]  M. Dong OPTIMOX1:A Randomized Study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with Oxaliplatin in A Stop-and-Go Fashion in Advanced Colorectal Cancer——A GERCOR Study , 2006 .

[148]  N. Kemeny,et al.  Role of chest CT in patients with negative chest X-rays referred for hepatic colorectal metastases , 2006, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[149]  D. Morris,et al.  Longterm results and prognostic indicators after cryotherapy and hepatic arterial chemotherapy with or without resection for colorectal liver metastases in 224 patients: longterm survival can be achieved in patients with multiple bilateral liver metastases. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[150]  D. Bentrem,et al.  Surgical therapy for metastatic disease to the liver. , 2005, Annual review of medicine.

[151]  F.R.C.S. Leslie H. Blumgart M.D.,et al.  Resection and embolization in the management of secondary hepatic tumors , 2005, World Journal of Surgery.

[152]  Daniel J Sargent,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. , 2004, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[153]  F. Izzo,et al.  Surgical treatment of colorectal cancer metastasis , 2004, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.

[154]  F. Kabbinavar,et al.  Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. , 2003, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[155]  A. Altendorf-Hofmann,et al.  A critical review of the major indicators of prognosis after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. , 2003, Surgical oncology clinics of North America.

[156]  T. Pawlik,et al.  Combined Resection and Radiofrequency Ablation for Advanced Hepatic Malignancies: Results in 172 Patients , 2003, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[157]  W. Jarnagin,et al.  Importance of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing resection of synchronous colorectal liver metastases , 2003, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[158]  F. Lévi,et al.  Five-year survival following hepatic resection after neoadjuvant therapy for nonresectable colorectal. , 2001, Annals of surgical oncology.

[159]  G. Fuhrman,et al.  Survival after resection of multiple bilobar hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. , 2000, Annals of surgery.

[160]  T. Akasu,et al.  Resection of synchronous liver metastases from colorectal cancer. , 2000, Japanese journal of clinical oncology.

[161]  P. Robinson,et al.  Hepatic lesion detection after superparamagnetic iron oxide enhancement: comparison of five T2-weighted sequences at 1.0 T by using alternative-free response receiver operating characteristic analysis. , 2000, Radiology.

[162]  L. Capussotti,et al.  Operative risks of major hepatic resections. , 1998, Hepato-gastroenterology.

[163]  H. Bismuth,et al.  Repeat hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. , 1997, Annals of surgery.

[164]  M. Koretz Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. , 1988, Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia.