Clinical consequences of acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) can no longer be considered a surrogate marker for severity of illness. Recent epidemiologic data demonstrate the association of AKI and mortality. Even small decreases of kidney function are associated with increased mortality. Several clinical consequences of AKI may explain the association of AKI and mortality. Decreased free water clearance leading to volume overload contributes to morbidity and mortality, but also to deterioration of kidney function. Acid-base disorders and electrolyte abnormalities interfere with normal functioning of many processes in the body. Critically ill patients have an increased prevalence of infection. Infection and antimicrobial therapy can be the cause of AKI, but infection can also be a consequence of AKI. Finally, inadequate antimicrobial dosing probably plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of AKI. These findings have led to a paradigm shift: patients die because of AKI rather than with AKI.

[1]  J. Schold,et al.  Hypophosphatemia during continuous hemodialysis is associated with prolonged respiratory failure in patients with acute kidney injury. , 2011, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[2]  J. Coresh,et al.  Fluid balance, diuretic use, and mortality in acute kidney injury. , 2011, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

[3]  A. Kirkpatrick,et al.  Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. , 2011, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[4]  T. Ikizler,et al.  Sepsis as a cause and consequence of acute kidney injury: Program to Improve Care in Acute Renal Disease , 2010, Intensive Care Medicine.

[5]  M. Malbrain,et al.  Renal replacement therapy is an independent risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury , 2010, Critical care.

[6]  S. Kimmel,et al.  Potential Effects of Aggressive Decongestion During the Treatment of Decompensated Heart Failure on Renal Function and Survival , 2010, Circulation.

[7]  K. Colpaert,et al.  Outcome of acute kidney injury in severe burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2010, Intensive Care Medicine.

[8]  A. Khera,et al.  Effect of right ventricular function and venous congestion on cardiorenal interactions during the treatment of decompensated heart failure. , 2010, The American journal of cardiology.

[9]  Jean-Philippe Lafrance,et al.  Acute kidney injury associates with increased long-term mortality. , 2010, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[10]  G. Regolisti,et al.  Specific nutritional problems in acute kidney injury, treated with non-dialysis and dialytic modalities , 2009, NDT plus.

[11]  M. Mathru.  Intensity of Continuous Renal-Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients , 2010 .

[12]  P. Metnitz,et al.  Incidence and prognosis of dysnatremias present on ICU admission , 2010, Intensive Care Medicine.

[13]  M. Render,et al.  Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: A Veterans Administration study* , 2009, Critical care medicine.

[14]  Jonathan Himmelfarb,et al.  Fluid accumulation, survival and recovery of kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. , 2009, Kidney international.

[15]  R. Vanholder,et al.  Epidemiology of infection in critically ill patients with acute renal failure , 2009, Critical care medicine.

[16]  J. Schold,et al.  Acute Kidney Injury Is Associated With Increased Long-Term Mortality After Cardiothoracic Surgery , 2009, Circulation.

[17]  H. Rabb,et al.  Kidney-Lung Crosstalk in the Critically Ill Patient , 2009, Blood Purification.

[18]  A. Gabrielli,et al.  Long-Term Risk of Mortality and Acute Kidney Injury During Hospitalization After Major Surgery , 2009, Annals of surgery.

[19]  Gary S Francis,et al.  Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[20]  Jonathan Himmelfarb,et al.  Acute kidney injury increases risk of ESRD among elderly. , 2009, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[21]  D. Zygun,et al.  The epidemiology of intensive care unit-acquired hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia in medical-surgical intensive care units , 2008, Critical care.

[22]  D. Logeart,et al.  Transient worsening of renal function during hospitalization for acute heart failure alters outcome. , 2008, International journal of cardiology.

[23]  Didier Payen,et al.  A positive fluid balance is associated with a worse outcome in patients with acute renal failure , 2008, Critical care.

[24]  E. Schmid,et al.  Impact of minimal increases in serum creatinine on outcome in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: Do we have to revise current definitions of acute renal failure?* , 2008, Critical care medicine.

[25]  C. Ronco,et al.  The RIFLE criteria and mortality in acute kidney injury: A systematic review. , 2008, Kidney international.

[26]  C. Cheadle,et al.  The local and systemic inflammatory transcriptome after acute kidney injury. , 2008, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[27]  L. Tullo,et al.  Intra-abdominal hypertension and acute renal failure in critically ill patients. , 2008, Intensive care medicine.

[28]  L. Tullo,et al.  Intra-abdominal hypertensionand acute renal failurein critically ill patients , 2008, Intensive Care Medicine.

[29]  A. Garg,et al.  The prognostic importance of a small acute decrement in kidney function in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2007, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[30]  J. Decruyenaere,et al.  Health Implications of Antimicrobial Resistance for Patients With Acute Kidney Injury and Bloodstream Infection , 2007, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[31]  C. Cheadle,et al.  Ischemic acute kidney injury induces a distant organ functional and genomic response distinguishable from bilateral nephrectomy. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Renal physiology.

[32]  E. Reynvoet,et al.  SEVERE INFECTION, SEPSIS AND ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY , 2007, Acta clinica Belgica.

[33]  I. D. De laet,et al.  INTRA-ABDOMINAL HYPERTENSION AND THE EFFECT ON RENAL FUNCTION , 2007, Acta clinica Belgica.

[34]  J. Waele,et al.  Intra-abdominal hypertension and the effect on renal function. , 2007 .

[35]  I. Douglas,et al.  Acute renal failure after bilateral nephrectomy is associated with cytokine-mediated pulmonary injury. , 2007, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[36]  S. K. Woo,et al.  Comparison of Experimental Lung Injury from Acute Renal Failure with Injury due to Sepsis , 2006, Respiration.

[37]  J. Kellum,et al.  Hyperchloremic acidosis increases circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis. , 2006, Chest.

[38]  Gordon R Bernard,et al.  Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[39]  Gilles Clermont,et al.  RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis , 2006, Critical care.

[40]  L. Price,et al.  Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey. , 2005, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

[41]  Joseph V Bonventre,et al.  Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. , 2005, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[42]  L. Forni,et al.  Circulating anions usually associated with the Krebs cycle in patients with metabolic acidosis , 2005, Critical care.

[43]  F. Colardyn,et al.  Assessment of renal function in recently admitted critically ill patients with normal serum creatinine. , 2005, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[44]  N. Lameire,et al.  Reflections on the definition, classification, and diagnostic evaluation of acute renal failure , 2004, Current opinion in critical care.

[45]  John A Kellum,et al.  Science review: Extracellular acidosis and the immune response: clinical and physiologic implications , 2004, Critical care.

[46]  L. Bachmann,et al.  Minimal changes of serum creatinine predict prognosis in patients after cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective cohort study. , 2004, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[47]  John A Kellum,et al.  Lactic and hydrochloric acids induce different patterns of inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.

[48]  D. De Bacquer,et al.  Effect of nosocomial bloodstream infection on the outcome of critically ill patients with acute renal failure treated with renal replacement therapy. , 2004, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[49]  Y. Mintz,et al.  Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. , 2003, Annals of surgery.

[50]  J. Kellum,et al.  Effects of hyperchloremic acidosis on arterial pressure and circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis. , 2004, Chest.

[51]  F. Pott,et al.  Effects of Intravenous Fluid Restriction on Postoperative Complications: Comparison of Two Perioperative Fluid Regimens: A Randomized Assessor-Blinded Multicenter Trial , 2003, Annals of surgery.

[52]  R. Bellomo,et al.  Acid–base status of critically ill patients with acute renal failure: analysis based on Stewart–Figge methodology , 2003, Critical care.

[53]  J. Decruyenaere,et al.  Acute renal failure in patients with sepsis in a surgical ICU: predictive factors, incidence, comorbidity, and outcome. , 2003, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[54]  H. Rabb,et al.  Acute renal failure leads to dysregulation of lung salt and water channels. , 2003, Kidney international.

[55]  D. Angus,et al.  Patients are dying of acute renal failure. , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[56]  J. le Gall,et al.  Effect of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients* , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[57]  R. Bellomo,et al.  Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy in the ICU: impact on electrolyte and acid-base balance , 2001, Intensive Care Medicine.

[58]  J. Hotchkiss,et al.  Molecular mechanisms underlying combined kidney-lung dysfunction during acute renal failure. , 2001, Contributions to nephrology.

[59]  H. Rabb,et al.  Renal ischemia/reperfusion leads to macrophage-mediated increase in pulmonary vascular permeability. , 1999, Kidney international.

[60]  K E Hammermeister,et al.  Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery. , 1998, The American journal of medicine.

[61]  C. Viscoli,et al.  The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort analysis. , 1996, JAMA.

[62]  C. Orchard,et al.  The effect of acidosis on beta‐adrenergic receptors in ferret cardiac muscle , 1993, Experimental physiology.

[63]  A. Arieff,et al.  Postoperative Hyponatremic Encephalopathy in Menstruant Women , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[64]  D. Kim,et al.  Mechanism of diminished contractile response to catecholamines during acidosis. , 1988, The American journal of physiology.