Role of dendritic cells in SARS coronavirus infection.

1. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARSCoV) entered and replicated in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), but virus replication was incomplete. In addition, SARS-CoV did not induce apoptosis or maturation of infected DCs. 2. SARS-CoV infected DCs showed low expression of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-12p40), moderate up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and significant up-regulation of inflammatory chemokines (MIP-1α, RANTES, IP-10, and MCP-1). 3. SARS-CoV did not modulate gene expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR-1 to 10) but induced significant up-regulation of chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR-3, CCR-5). 4. SARS-CoV induced high expression of TRAIL but not FasL gene expression in DCs. 5. The characteristic phenotype of SARS-CoV infected DCs suggested some possible mechanisms of immune escape and amplification of immunopathology in SARS.

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