Copy number variation in small nucleolar RNAs regulates 1 personality behavior

20 Animals show behavioral traits that can collectively be called personality. We focus here on the role 21 of the Prader-Willi Syndrom gene region in regulating personality behavior. It includes two clusters of 22 tandem repeats coding for small nucleolar RNAs, SNORD115 and SNORD116. SNORD115 is 23 known to regulate splicing of the serotonin receptor Ht2cr and SNORD116 is predicted to interact 24 with the transcript of the chromatin regulator Ankrd11 . We show that both snoRNA clusters display 25 major copy number variation within and between populations, as well as in an inbred mouse strain 26 and that this affects the expression of their specific target genes. Using a set of behavioral scores 27 related to personality in populations of two species of wild mice, guinea pigs and humans, we find a 28 strong correlation between the snoRNA copy number and these scores. Our results suggest that the 29 SNORD clusters are major regulators of personality and correlated traits. 30

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