Extraterrestrial sound for planetaria: A pedagogical study.

The purpose of this project was to supply an acoustical simulation device to a local planetarium for use in live shows aimed at engaging and inspiring children in science and engineering. The device plays audio simulations of estimates of the sounds produced by natural phenomena to accompany audio-visual presentations and live shows about Venus, Mars, and Titan. Amongst the simulated noise are the sounds of thunder, wind, and cryo-volcanoes. The device can also modify the speech of the presenter (or audience member) in accordance with the underlying physics to reproduce those vocalizations as if they had been produced on the world under discussion. Given that no time series recordings exist of sounds from other worlds, these sounds had to be simulated. The goal was to ensure that the audio simulations were delivered in time for a planetarium's launch show to enable the requested outreach to children. The exercise has also allowed an explanation of the science and engineering behind the creation of the sounds. This has been achieved for young children, and also for older students and undergraduates, who could then debate the limitations of that method.

[1]  P. Shukla,et al.  Dust acoustic wave in a thermal dusty plasma. , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[2]  Timothy G. Leighton,et al.  The sound of music and voices in space part 2: modelling and simulation , 2009 .

[3]  Timothy G Leighton,et al.  Acoustic attenuation, phase and group velocities in liquid-filled pipes II: simulation for Spallation Neutron Sources and planetary exploration. , 2011, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[4]  Frank Verheest,et al.  Are weak dust-acoustic double layers adequately described by modified Korteweg–de Vries equations? , 1993 .

[5]  Timothy G. Leighton,et al.  The problems with acoustics on a small planet , 2008 .

[6]  Günter Kargl,et al.  A soft solid surface on Titan as revealed by the Huygens Surface Science Package , 2005, Nature.

[7]  R. Kirk,et al.  Subsurface Energy Storage and Transport for Solar-Powered Geysers on Triton , 1990, Science.

[8]  R. D. Hill.  Channel heating in return‐stroke lightning , 1971 .

[9]  Timothy G. Leighton,et al.  The sound of Titan: a role for acoustics in space exploration , 2004 .

[10]  Jean-Pierre Lebreton,et al.  An overview of the descent and landing of the Huygens probe on Titan , 2005, Nature.

[11]  S. Ghosh,et al.  Effect of nonadiabaticity of dust charge variation on dust acoustic waves: generation of dust acoustic shock waves. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[12]  T. Jackson,et al.  Martian dust devil electron avalanche process and associated electrochemistry , 2010 .

[13]  Xinli Lu,et al.  A Review of Progress in Understanding Geysers , 2004 .

[14]  Saurabh Jha,et al.  2 4 A pr 1 99 7 A Planet Orbiting the Star Rho Coronae Borealis , 1997 .

[15]  R. D. Hill.  Analysis of irregular paths of lightning channels , 1968 .

[16]  Gabor J. Kalman,et al.  Dust acoustic waves in strongly coupled dusty plasmas , 1997 .

[17]  A. Coustenis,et al.  Cassini?Huygens results on Titan's surface , 2009 .

[18]  T G Leighton.  Fluid loading effects for acoustical sensors in the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, Titan, and Jupiter. , 2009, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[19]  R. Greeley,et al.  Dust devils on Earth and Mars , 2006, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science.

[20]  Amanda D. Hanford,et al.  The direct simulation of acoustics on Earth, Mars, and Titan. , 2009, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[21]  James W. Head,et al.  The surface of Venus , 2003 .

[22]  Y. Zhao,et al.  Mechanism and large eddy simulation of dust devils , 2004 .

[23]  N. C. Santos,et al.  Asteroseismology of the planet-hosting star μ Arae I. The acoustic spectrum , 2005 .

[24]  Timothy G. Leighton,et al.  The one-dimensional bubble: an unusual oscillator, with applications to human bioeffects of underwater sound , 1995 .

[25]  T G Leighton,et al.  The inertial terms in equations of motion for bubbles in tubular vessels or between plates. , 2011, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[26]  Yongzhi Zhao,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Dust Lifting within Dust Devils—Simulation of an Intense Vortex , 2006 .

[27]  Timothy G. Leighton,et al.  The Opportunities and Challenges in the Use of Extra-Terrestrial Acoustics in the Exploration of the Oceans of Icy Planetary Bodies , 2012 .

[28]  R. Jaumann,et al.  Release of volatiles from a possible cryovolcano from near-infrared imaging of Titan , 2005, Nature.

[29]  Pieper,et al.  Dispersion of Plasma Dust Acoustic Waves in the Strong-Coupling Regime. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[30]  M. Ainslie,et al.  Sonar equations for planetary exploration. , 2016, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[31]  Rosaly M. C. Lopes,et al.  Cassini Encounters Enceladus: Background and the Discovery of a South Polar Hot Spot , 2006, Science.

[32]  M. Manga,et al.  Geyser preplay and eruption in a laboratory model with a bubble trap , 2013 .

[33]  R. Merlino,et al.  Current-driven dust ion-acoustic instability in a collisional dusty plasma , 1997 .

[34]  Richard M. Lueptow,et al.  Acoustic attenuation in three-component gas mixtures--theory. , 2001, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[35]  W. Rammacher,et al.  Acoustic waves in the solar atmosphere. IX - Three minute pulsations driven by shock overtaking , 1992 .

[36]  R. Lorenz.  Thermodynamics of Geysers: Application to Titan , 2002 .

[37]  A. Petculescu,et al.  A model for the vertical sound speed and absorption profiles in Titan's atmosphere based on Cassini-Huygens data. , 2012, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  M. Lighthill.  On sound generated aerodynamically I. General theory , 1952, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[39]  D. Banfield,et al.  Planetary descent probes: polarization nephelometer and hydrogen ortho/para instruments , 2005, 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[40]  Y. Elsworth,et al.  Variation of low-order acoustic solar oscillations over the solar cycle , 1990, Nature.

[41]  G. Neukum,et al.  Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus , 2006, Science.

[42]  Umin Lee,et al.  Acoustic oscillations of Jupiter , 1992 .

[43]  Timothy G Leighton,et al.  What is ultrasound? , 2007, Progress in biophysics and molecular biology.

[44]  Timothy G. Leighton,et al.  Applications of one-dimensional bubbles to lithotripsy, and to diver response to low frequency sound , 1995 .

[45]  Timothy G. Leighton,et al.  The sound of music and voices in space part 1: theory , 2009 .

[46]  M. Roos-Serote,et al.  Electrical discharges and broadband radio emission by Martian dust devils and dust storms , 2003 .

[47]  P. Nisenson,et al.  A Planet Orbiting the Star ρ Coronae Borealis , 1997 .

[48]  Jean‐Pierre Williams,et al.  Acoustic environment of the Martian surface , 2001 .

[49]  M. Plooster,et al.  Numerical Model of the Return Stroke of the Lightning Discharge , 1971 .

[50]  S. Lasič.  Geyser model with real-time data collection , 2006 .

[51]  C. Morfey.  Amplification of aerodynamic noise by convected flow inhomogeneities , 1973 .

[52]  A. Kosovichev.  Properties of Flares-Generated Seismic Waves on the Sun , 2005, astro-ph/0601006.

[53]  A. J. Abdullah.  THE “MUSICAL” SOUND EMITTED BY A TORNADO , 1966 .

[54]  H. S. Ribner,et al.  Acoustics of thunder: A quasilinear model for tortuous lightning , 1982 .

[55]  C. T. Russell,et al.  Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere , 2007, Nature.

[56]  J. Zarnecki,et al.  The meteorological signatures of dust devils on Mars , 2007 .

[57]  T G Leighton,et al.  The use of extra-terrestrial oceans to test ocean acoustics students. , 2012, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[58]  Henry E. Bass,et al.  Absorption of sound in the Martian atmosphere , 2001 .

[59]  Richard M. Lueptow,et al.  Atmospheric acoustics of Titan, Mars, Venus, and Earth , 2007 .

[60]  R. A. Hanel,et al.  Acoustic experiment to determine the composition of an unknown planetary atmosphere. , 1966 .