Mitigating X2-AP interface cost using quantum teleportation

Many problems in cellular communications cannot be solved classically. Due to its robustness, quantum computing can enrich the classical with other dimensions, security and cryptic-natured. However, the awareness about how to fully bridge the classical and quantum communications is not fully realised. In other words, the quantum phenomena are not totally utilised within the classical dimension. This work rather discusses directions and evaluations for future quantum solutions to traditional cloud mobile networks. Particularly, using quantum correlation phenomena to enhance the performance of X2 application protocol (X2-AP) by reducing the signalling overhead regarding the delay and power consumption that classical cloud encounter. Through modelling the latency of both paradigms using ‘MATLAB’, this work promises a delay reduction when adapting quantum method into the cloud. This study also models the power consumption and energy efficiency of traditional and quantum-based cloud networks. This work also shows, via modelling the power consumption, that installing a quantum-based paradigm is not a power costly method; rather, it shows identical power and energy efficiency figures with a possibility of improvement.

[1]  Hoi-Kwong Lo,et al.  Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Cryptography , 2014, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[2]  Schumacher,et al.  Quantum data processing and error correction. , 1996, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[3]  Jian-Wei Pan,et al.  Experimental free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs over 13 km: towards satellite-based global quantum communication. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[4]  Laszlo Gyongyosi,et al.  A Survey on quantum computing technology , 2019, Comput. Sci. Rev..

[5]  Ivan B Djordjevic Photonic Implementation of Quantum Relay and Encoders/Decoders for Sparse-Graph Quantum Codes Based on Optical Hybrid , 2010, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[6]  N. Zhang,et al.  Dielectric-Grating-Coupled Surface Plasmon Resonance From the Back Side of the Metal Film for Ultrasensitive Sensing , 2016, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[7]  Sudip Misra,et al.  Theoretical modelling of fog computing: a green computing paradigm to support IoT applications , 2016, IET Networks.

[8]  S. Lloyd,et al.  Generalized minimal output entropy conjecture for one-mode Gaussian channels: definitions and some exact results , 2010, 1004.4787.

[9]  V. Vedral,et al.  Classical, quantum and total correlations , 2001, quant-ph/0105028.

[10]  Yuan Feng,et al.  Partial recovery of quantum entanglement , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[11]  Hamed S. Al-Raweshidy,et al.  Modelling the power consumption and trade-offs of virtualised cloud radio access networks , 2017, IET Commun..

[12]  Jay M. Gambetta,et al.  Building logical qubits in a superconducting quantum computing system , 2015, 1510.04375.

[13]  Yi Ren,et al.  Impacts of S1 and X2 Interfaces on eMBMS Handover Failure: Solution and Performance Analysis , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[14]  Muhammad Ali Imran,et al.  Load Aware Self-Organising User-Centric Dynamic CoMP Clustering for 5G Networks , 2016, IEEE Access.

[15]  Maruti Gupta,et al.  Energy impact of emerging mobile internet applications on LTE networks: issues and solutions , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[16]  J. Cardy,et al.  Entanglement entropy and quantum field theory , 2004, hep-th/0405152.

[17]  A. Zeilinger,et al.  Long-distance quantum communication with entangled photons using satellites , 2003, quant-ph/0305105.

[18]  Mohamed Othman,et al.  Fair-QoS Broker Algorithm for Overload-State Downlink Resource Scheduling in LTE Networks , 2018, IEEE Systems Journal.

[19]  Keiji Sasaki,et al.  Beating the Standard Quantum Limit with Four-Entangled Photons , 2007, Science.

[20]  Mazyar Mirrahimi,et al.  Extending the lifetime of a quantum bit with error correction in superconducting circuits , 2016, Nature.

[21]  Rob Thew,et al.  Provably secure and practical quantum key distribution over 307 km of optical fibre , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[22]  Jiaheng Wang,et al.  Energy-Efficient Resource Assignment and Power Allocation in Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Networks , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[23]  Hamed S. Al-Raweshidy,et al.  Component and parameterised power model for cloud radio access network , 2016, IET Commun..

[24]  Konrad Banaszek,et al.  Experimental demonstration of entanglement-enhanced classical communication over a quantum channel with correlated noise. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[25]  Wolfgang Dür,et al.  Quantum Repeaters: The Role of Imperfect Local Operations in Quantum Communication , 1998 .

[26]  Laszlo Gyongyosi,et al.  Entanglement Availability Differentiation Service for the Quantum Internet , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[27]  T. Rudolph,et al.  Classical and quantum communication without a shared reference frame. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[28]  John Rarity,et al.  Quantum Random-number Generation and Key Sharing , 1994 .

[29]  H. Lo Classical-communication cost in distributed quantum-information processing: A generalization of quantum-communication complexity , 1999, quant-ph/9912009.

[30]  M. Nielsen Conditions for a Class of Entanglement Transformations , 1998, quant-ph/9811053.

[31]  Jun Li,et al.  A one-time pad encryption method combining full-phase image encryption and hiding , 2017 .

[32]  K. Boström,et al.  Deterministic secure direct communication using entanglement. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[33]  Sandor Imre,et al.  Opportunistic Entanglement Distribution for the Quantum Internet , 2019, Scientific Reports.

[34]  Thierry Turletti,et al.  A Survey of Software-Defined Networking: Past, Present, and Future of Programmable Networks , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[35]  O. Schmidt,et al.  Highly indistinguishable and strongly entangled photons from symmetric GaAs quantum dots , 2016, Nature Communications.

[36]  Jian-Wei Pan,et al.  Experimental Ten-Photon Entanglement. , 2016, Physical review letters.

[37]  Mark M. Wilde,et al.  Entanglement-Assisted Communication of Classical and Quantum Information , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[38]  Hung Viet Nguyen,et al.  A Survey on Quantum Channel Capacities , 2018, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[39]  Laszlo Gyongyosi,et al.  Multilayer Optimization for the Quantum Internet , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[40]  Amali Chinnappan,et al.  Complexity-consistency trade-off in multi-attribute decision making for vertical handover in heterogeneous wireless networks , 2016, IET Networks.

[41]  A. Holevo,et al.  Ultimate classical communication rates of quantum optical channels , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[42]  Shih,et al.  New high-intensity source of polarization-entangled photon pairs. , 1995, Physical review letters.