Environmental influences on aquatic plants in freshwater ecosystems

Aquatic plants are important components of many freshwater ecosystems. In this review we examine natural and anthropogenic influences on the distribution and abundance of aquatic plants, and develop a conceptual model of those diverse interactions. Species of aquatic plants vary greatly in their anatomy, physiology, life-history traits, and ability to tolerate inorganic and biological stressors. Key examples of inorganic stressors are extreme regimes of flow velocity, irradiance, salinity, ice cover, temperature, nutrients, and pollutants. Stressors associated with competition, herbivory, and disease may also limit the ability of species to utilize otherwise suitable habitats. Some aquatic plants have a cosmopolitan distribution and display high levels of polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity in response to variations of environmental factors; these qualities allow them to occur over a wide range of conditions. Other species, however, have narrower tolerances and are potentially useful indicators of envi...

[1]  E. Pip.  Water temperature and freshwater macrophyte distribution , 1989 .

[2]  O. Arrhenius,et al.  Species and Area , 1921 .

[3]  Paul A. Keddy,et al.  Predictability of Change in Shoreline Vegetation in a Hydroelectric Reservoir, Northern Sweden , 1988 .

[4]  Autotoxic inhibition of seed germination by Typha latifolia: an evaluation , 1983, Oecologia.

[5]  R. Callaway,et al.  Temperature‐Driven Variation in Substrate Oxygenation and the Balance of Competition and Facilitation , 1996 .

[6]  S. Jensen.  Classification of lakes in Southern Sweden on the basis of their macrophyte composition by means of multivariate methods , 1979, Vegetatio.

[7]  F. He,et al.  Pattern and vegetation-environment relationships in a boreal forested wetland in northeastern Ontario , 1995 .

[8]  T. Clair,et al.  Liming for the mitigation of acid rain effects in freshwaters: A review of recent results , 2005 .

[9]  B. Middleton.  Wetland Restoration, Flood Pulsing, and Disturbance Dynamics , 1999 .

[10]  D. Spencer.  Tuber Size and Planting Depth Influence Growth of Potamogeton pectinatus L. , 1987 .

[11]  C. Mitchell,et al.  Re‐establishment of native macrophytes in Lake Parkinson following weed control by grass carp , 1990 .

[12]  Effects of Acid Precipitation on Macrophytes in Oligotrophic Swedish Lakes , 1976 .

[13]  Patricia Chow-Fraser,et al.  Percentage land use in the watershed determines the water and sediment quality of 22 marshes in the Great Lakes basin , 1999 .

[14]  P. Chambers,et al.  The interaction between water movement, sediment dynamics and submersed macrophytes , 2001, Hydrobiologia.

[15]  L. Arvola,et al.  Spatial patterns in aquatic vegetation composition and environmental covariates along chains of lakes in the Kokemäenjoki watershed (S. Finland) , 2004 .

[16]  F. Guérold,et al.  Are trophic and diversity indices based on macrophyte communities pertinent tools to monitor water quality? , 2002, Water research.

[17]  B. Gopal,et al.  Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities , 1993, The Botanical Review.

[18]  A. Prejs.  Herbivory by temperate freshwater fishes and its consequences , 1984, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[19]  C. Preston,et al.  Aquatic Plants in Britain and Ireland , 1997 .

[20]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  Colonization of submerged macrophytes in shallow fish manipulated Lake Væng: impact of sediment composition and waterfowl grazing , 1993 .

[21]  Maria Teresa Ferreira,et al.  Combined effects of environmental factors and regulation on macrophyte vegetation along three rivers in western France , 2004 .

[22]  J. Madsen,et al.  The seasonal biomass and productivity of the submerged macrophytes in a polluted Wisconsin stream , 1988 .

[23]  K. Sand‐Jensen.  Environmental variables and their effect on photosynthesis of aquatic plant communities , 1989 .

[24]  S. Lazarek.  Responses of the Lobelia-epiphyte complex to liming of an acidified lake , 1986 .

[25]  L. Santamaría,et al.  Photosynthetic temperature responses of fresh- and brackish-water macrophytes: a review , 1997 .

[26]  Variations in the Aquatic Vegetation of the Welland River (Ontario, Canada) Above and Below an Industrial Waste Discharge , 1983 .

[27]  G. E. Hutchinson,et al.  A treatise on limnology. , 1957 .

[28]  Aat Barendregt,et al.  Relevant variables to predict macrophyte communities in running waters , 2003 .

[29]  I. Winfield,et al.  Cyprinid fishes Systematics, biology and exploitation , 1995 .

[30]  Robert J. Reimold,et al.  Ecology of halophytes , 1974 .

[31]  A. Viau,et al.  The biogeography of aquatic macrophytes in North America since the Last Glacial Maximum , 2003 .

[32]  L. Peck,et al.  Extreme Responses to Climate Change in Antarctic Lakes , 2002, Science.

[33]  Douglas A. Wilcox,et al.  Disturbance effects on aquatic vegetation in regulated and unregulated lakes in northern Minnesota , 1991 .

[34]  D. Vitt,et al.  The relationships of vegetation to surface water chemistry and peat chemistry in fens of Alberta, Canada , 1990, Vegetatio.

[35]  E. Schneider,et al.  Nymphaeales alismatidae and the theory of an aquatic monocotyledon origin , 1995 .

[36]  S. Nichols.  The interaction between biology and the management of aquatic macrophytes , 1991 .

[37]  M. D. Francis,et al.  Interference competition between Ludwigia repens and Hygrophila polysperma: two morphologically similar aquatic plant species. , 2003 .

[38]  D. Pimentel,et al.  Environmental and Economic Costs of Nonindigenous Species in the United States , 2000 .

[39]  C. Welling,et al.  ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF AN INCREASE IN WATER LEVEL ON WETLAND VEGETATION , 1994 .

[40]  C. Duarte,et al.  Patterns in the Submerged Macrophyte Biomass of Lakes and the Importance of the Scale of Analysis in the Interpretation , 1990 .

[41]  J. Grace,et al.  The potential impact of herbivores on the susceptibility of the marsh plantSagittaria lancifolia to saltwater intrusion in coastal wetlands , 1996 .

[42]  R. E. Moeller.  Carbon-uptake by the submerged hydrophyte Utricularia purpurea , 1978 .

[43]  J. Madsen,et al.  The Effect of Temperature and Daylength on the Germination of Potamogeton nodosus Tubers , 1995 .

[44]  H. H. Birks,et al.  Species–environmental relationships of aquatic macrophytes in Northern Ireland , 2001 .

[45]  R. Hrivnák,et al.  The impact of environmental factors on the distribution pattern of aquatic plants along the Danube River corridor (Slovakia) , 2007 .

[46]  Erik Jeppesen,et al.  Trophic structure, species richness and biodiversity in Danish lakes: changes along a phosphorus gradient , 2000 .

[47]  M. Fernández-Aláez,et al.  The macrophyte communities of the Sil basin (NW Spain) and their relationship with the environmental variables , 1994 .

[48]  R. Haag.  THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DORMANCY IN SOME ROOTED AQUATIC PLANTS , 1979 .

[49]  J. Barko,et al.  Effects of organic matter additions to sediment on the growth of aquatic plants , 1983 .

[50]  J. Lynch,et al.  A critical test of the two prevailing theories of plant response to nutrient availability. , 2003, American journal of botany.

[51]  D. Mcfarland,et al.  High-Temperature Effects on Growth and Propagule Formation in Hydrilla Biotypes , 1999 .

[52]  Brigitte Nixdorf,et al.  Review: plant life in extremely acidic waters , 2001 .

[53]  A. Grootjans,et al.  European dune slacks: Strong interactions of biology, pedogenesis and hydrology. , 1998, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[54]  J. Barko,et al.  Comparative Influences of Light and Temperature on the Growth and Metabolism of Selected Submersed Freshwater Macrophytes , 1981 .

[55]  C. Rordam,et al.  Species numbers of vascular plants in relation to area, isolation and age of ponds in Denmark , 1985 .

[56]  R. Charudattan.  The Mycoherbicide Approach with Plant Pathogens , 1991 .

[57]  J. Moyle.  Some Chemical Factors Influencing the Distribution of Aquatic Plants in Minnesota , 1945 .

[58]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes, and Ecosystem Properties , 2006 .

[59]  C. T. Philbrick,et al.  Evolution of Aquatic Angiosperm Reproductive Systems , 1996 .

[60]  The ecology of Potamogeton species in central North America , 1987, Hydrobiologia.

[61]  Y. Waisel,et al.  Inter-relationships between Najas marina L. and three other species of aquatic macrophytes , 1985, Hydrobiologia.

[62]  T. V. Madsen,et al.  Diurnal variation in light and carbon limitation of photosynthesis by two species of submerged freshwater macrophyte with a differential ability to use bicarbonate , 1991 .

[63]  J. K. Cronk,et al.  Wetland Plants: Biology and Ecology , 2001 .

[64]  S. Weisner,et al.  Mechanisms regulating abundance of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes , 1997, Oecologia.

[65]  J. M. Milne,et al.  Aquatic plant communities and predictors of diversity in a sub-tropical river floodplain: the upper Rio Paraná, Brazil. , 2003 .

[66]  Urho Mäkirinta.  Classification of South Swedish Isoetid vegetation with the help of numerical methods , 1989, Vegetatio.

[67]  M. Anderson.  Interactions betweenLythrum salicaria and native organisms: A critical review , 1995 .

[68]  R. Svensson,et al.  Effects of cooling water discharge on the vegetation in the Forsmark Biotest Basin, Sweden , 1992 .

[69]  M. T. Ferreira.  Aquatic and marginal vegetation of the River Divor and its relation to land use , 1994 .

[70]  J. Wilson,et al.  Salt tolerance of salt marsh plants of Otago, New Zealand , 1987 .

[71]  D. B. Martin,et al.  Effects of four agricultural pesticides onDaphnia pulex, Lemna minor, andPotamogeton pectinatus , 1985, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[72]  S. Weisner,et al.  Wave exposure related growth of epiphyton: implications for the distribution of submerged macrophytes in eutrophic lakes , 1996, Hydrobiologia.

[73]  D. Mcfarland,et al.  Effects of Temperature and Sediment Type on Growth and Morphology of Monoecious and Dioecious Hydrilla , 1987 .

[74]  R. Wetzel,et al.  An ecological perspective of allelochemical interference in land–water interface communities , 2003, Plant and Soil.

[75]  Riis,et al.  Development of vegetation and environmental conditions in an oligotrophic Danish lake over 40 years , 1998 .

[76]  S. Thomaz,et al.  Assessment of methods to estimate aquatic macrophyte species richness in extrapolated sample sizes , 2007 .

[77]  J. Schardt,et al.  The ecological impact and management history of three invasive alien aquatic plant species in Florida. , 1993 .

[78]  Comparison of the macrophyte communities of a clearwater and a brownwater oligotrophic lake in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia , 1989, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution.

[79]  Michael G. Anderson,et al.  Use of Sago Pondweed by Waterfowl on the Delta Marsh, Manitoba , 1976 .

[80]  Y. Cohen,et al.  Growth and competition between potamogeton pectinatus L. and Myriophyllum exalbescens fern. in experimental ecosystems , 1989 .

[81]  O. Grahn.  Vegetation structure and primary production in acidified lakes in southwestern Sweden , 1986, Experientia.

[82]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Global change and freshwater ecosystems , 1992 .

[83]  C. Nilsson,et al.  Alterations of Riparian Ecosystems Caused by River Regulation , 2000 .

[84]  K. Murphy,et al.  Macrophyte functional variablesversusspecies assemblages as predictors of trophic status in flowing waters , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[85]  R. Newman,et al.  Competitive interactions between Eurasian watermilfoil and northern watermilfoil in experimental tanks , 1998 .

[86]  H. A. Kantrud.  Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima): A Literature Review. , 1991 .

[87]  S. Samardakiewicz,et al.  Cell division in Lemna minor roots treated with lead , 2005 .

[88]  Paul A. Keddy,et al.  A comparative approach to predicting competitive ability from plant traits , 1988, Nature.

[89]  L. Nurminen.  Macrophyte species composition refl ecting water quality changes in adjacent water bodies of lake Hiidenvesi, SW Finland , 2003 .

[90]  M. Lehtiniemi,et al.  The lethal and sublethal effects of the aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum on Baltic littoral planktivores , 2005 .

[91]  T. K. Van,et al.  Comparative Studies of Monoecious and Dioecious Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Biotypes , 1987, Weed Science.

[92]  R. Goulder,et al.  Evidence that Nitrogen Supply Influences the Distribution of a Freshwater Macrophyte, Ceratophyllum Demersum , 1971 .

[93]  C. Hartog,et al.  Mechanisms involved in the decline of Stratiotes aloides L. in The Netherlands: sulphate as a key variable , 2003, Hydrobiologia.

[94]  R. C. Best.  Foods and feeding habits of wild and captive Sirenia , 1981 .

[95]  S. Weisner.  Within-lake patterns in depth penetration of emergent vegetation , 1991 .

[96]  M. Enserink.  Biological Invaders Sweep In , 1999, Science.

[97]  G. Rathbun,et al.  Consumption of Aquatic Plants by the West Indian Manatee , 1985 .

[98]  M. Williamson,et al.  Relationship of species number to area, distance and other variables , 1988 .

[99]  R. Wetzel,et al.  Allelochemical autotoxicity in the emergent wetland macrophyte Juncus effusus (Juncaceae). , 2000, American journal of botany.

[100]  R. Butcher.  Studies on the Ecology of Rivers: I. On the Distribution of Macrophytic Vegetation in the Rivers of Britain , 1933 .

[101]  P. Keddy,et al.  Above‐ and Belowground Competition Intensity in Two Contrasting Wetland Plant Communities , 1996 .

[102]  E. Hamabata.  Studies of submerged macrophyte communities in Lake Biwa (1) Species composition and distribution-results of a diving survey , 1991 .

[103]  R. Neely,et al.  The effects of shading on competition between purple loosestrife and broad-leaved cattail , 1997 .

[104]  J. Verhoeven,et al.  Nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation: relations with atmospheric inputs and management regimes. , 1996, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[105]  G. Estavillo,et al.  C4 mechanisms in aquatic angiosperms: comparisons with terrestrial C4 systems. , 2002, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[106]  R. Hough,et al.  Interactions of inorganic carbon and light availability as controlling factors in aquatic macrophyte distribution and productivity , 1988 .

[107]  G. Velde,et al.  Successional changes in the soft‐water macrophyte vegetation of (sub)atlantic, sandy, lowland regions during this century , 1990 .

[108]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Sediment interactions with submersed macrophyte growth and community dynamics , 1991 .

[109]  K. Mavuti,et al.  Ecology and Management of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, in Relation to Climatic Change, Alien Species' Introductions, and Agricultural Development , 1990, Environmental Conservation.

[110]  C. Nilsson.  Distribution of stream-edge vegetation along a gradient of current velocity , 1987 .

[111]  M. Chettri,et al.  Heavy metals in aquatic plants and sediments from water systems in Macedonia, Greece. , 1995, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[112]  Christer Nilsson,et al.  Hydrochory, population dynamics and distribution of the clonal aquatic plant Ranunculus lingua , 1993 .

[113]  M. Trémolières,et al.  Aquatic macrophyte communities as bioindicators of eutrophication in calcareous oligosaprobe stream waters (Upper Rhine plain, Alsace) , 1990, Vegetatio.

[114]  T. B. Shrestha,et al.  Rare, endemic and endangered plants of Nepal , 1996 .

[115]  B. Seddon.  Aquatic macrophytes as limnological indicators , 1972 .

[116]  R. Creed.  A Biogeographic Perspective on Eurasian Watermilfoil Declines: Additional Evidence for the Role of Herbivorous Weevils in Promoting , 1998 .

[117]  L. Lesack,et al.  The influence of water transparency on the distribution and abundance of macrophytes among lakes of the Mackenzie Delta, Western Canadian Arctic , 2002 .

[118]  Stanley A. Nichols,et al.  Ecological life histories of the three aquatic nuisance plants, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus and Elodea canadensis , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[119]  Tenna Riis,et al.  Hydrologic and hydraulic control of macrophyte establishment and performance in streams , 2003 .

[120]  D. Schindler,et al.  The effects of climatic warming on the properties of boreal lakes and streams at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario , 1996 .

[121]  R. B. Jackson,et al.  Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. , 2000, Science.

[122]  Takashi Asaeda,et al.  Modelling of the long-term competition between Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia in shallow water — effects of eutrophication, latitude and initial advantage of belowground organs , 2004 .

[123]  C. D. Cook,et al.  A revision of the genus Hydrilla (Hydrocharitaceae). , 1982 .

[124]  K. Sand‐Jensen,et al.  Interactions among phytoplankton, periphyton, and macrophytes in temperate freshwaters and estuaries , 1991 .

[125]  B. Andersson.  Macrophyte Development and Habitat Characteristics in Sweden's Large Lakes , 2001, Ambio.

[126]  S. McNaughton.  Autotoxic Feedback in Relatin to Germination and Seedling Growth in Typha Latifolia , 1968 .

[127]  R. S. Clymo,et al.  Terrestrial Biology in Limed Catchments , 1992 .

[128]  J. Barko,et al.  Growth and morphology of submersed freshwater macrophytes in relation to light and temperature , 1982 .

[129]  B. Moss,et al.  Factors controlling hydrochemical and trophic state variables in 86 shallow lakes in Europe , 2003, Hydrobiologia.

[130]  C. Boylen,et al.  The submersed macrophyte communities of adirondack lakes (New York, U.S.A.) of varying degrees of acidity , 1985 .

[131]  G. Wheeler,et al.  Competition between Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria americana as influenced by soil fertility , 1999 .

[132]  B. Jupp,et al.  Limitations of Macrophytes in a Eutrophic Lake, Loch Leven: II. Wave Action, Sediments and Waterfowl Grazing , 1977 .

[133]  E. Lammens,et al.  Diets and feeding behaviour , 1991 .

[134]  Ole Vestergaard,et al.  Aquatic macrophyte richness in Danish lakes in relation to alkalinity, transparency, and lake area , 2000 .

[135]  A. Midlen,et al.  Fish production in irrigation canals : a review , 1991 .

[136]  N. Ben-yosef,et al.  Development and spatial distribution of an algal bloom in the Dead Sea: a remote sensing study , 1997 .

[137]  K. Sand‐Jensen,et al.  Phytoplankton and Epiphyte Development and Their Shading Effect on Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes of Different Nutrient Status , 1981 .

[138]  D. F. Westlake.  Some Effects of Low-velocity Currents on the Metabolism of Aquatic Macrophytes , 1967 .

[139]  S. Ormerod,et al.  Aquatic bryophytes in Himalayan streams: testing a distribution model in a highly heterogeneous environment , 1998, Freshwater biology.

[140]  D. Ragsdale,et al.  Effect of Galerucella spp. on survival of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) roots and crowns , 1999, Weed Science.

[141]  J. Strand.  The development of submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön after biomanipulation , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[142]  Donald H. Les,et al.  Introduction of Nonindigenous Aquatic Vascular Plants in Southern New England: A Historical Perspective , 1999, Biological Invasions.

[143]  Neil Rooney,et al.  Inter-annual variation in submerged macrophyte community biomass and distribution: the influence of temperature and lake morphometry , 2000 .

[144]  M. Nivedita,et al.  The transfer rates of inorganic carbon and budgetary analysis in a simulated aquatic system , 2007 .

[145]  D. Charles,et al.  Aquatic macrophytes in Adirondack (New York) lakes: patterns of species composition in relation to environment , 1988 .

[146]  Aquatic macrophyte composition in relation to environmental factors of irrigation ponds around Lake Shinji, Shimane, Japan , 1991, Vegetatio.

[147]  Geographical patterns of species turnover in aquatic plant communities , 2001 .

[148]  G. Phillips,et al.  A mechanism to account for macrophyte decline in progressively eutrophicated freshwaters , 1978 .

[149]  James B. Grace,et al.  Long-term dynamics of Typha populations , 1998 .

[150]  A. Khedr,et al.  Distribution of aquatic plants in relation to environmental factors in the Nile Delta , 1997 .

[151]  J. Eaton,et al.  Effects of simulated climate warming on macrophytes in freshwater microcosm communities , 2002 .

[152]  P. Keddy,et al.  Species Competitive Ability and Position Along a Natural Stress/Disturbance Gradient , 1986 .

[153]  M. Scheffer,et al.  Vegetation abundance in lowland flood plan lakes determined by surface area, age and connectivity , 2003 .

[154]  J. Magnuson,et al.  Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the northern hemisphere , 2000, Science.

[155]  J. A. Bloomfield,et al.  The decline of native vegetation under dense Eurasian watermilfoil canopies. , 1991 .

[156]  D. Schindler,et al.  Effects of Climatic Warming on Lakes of the Central Boreal Forest , 1990, Science.

[157]  R. Smith,et al.  Ecology and Field Biology , 1966 .

[158]  J. Grace,et al.  Plant community structure in an oligohaline tidal marsh , 1990, Vegetatio.

[159]  W. Mooij,et al.  Allelopathic growth inhibition and colony formation of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus by the aquatic macrophyte Stratiotes aloides , 2005, Aquatic Ecology.

[160]  C. Scott Findlay,et al.  Effect of Invasive Plant Species on Temperate Wetland Plant Diversity , 2004 .

[161]  B. Freedman,et al.  Relationships between aquatic plants and environmental factors along a steep himalayan altitudinal gradient , 2006 .

[162]  D. Schindler,et al.  Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-B penetration in North American boreal lakes , 1996, Nature.

[163]  L. Adamec,et al.  Rootless Aquatic Plant Aldrovanda Vesiculosa: Physiological Polarity, Mineral Nutrition, and Importance of Carnivory , 2000, Biologia Plantarum.

[164]  B. Deegan,et al.  Effects of salinity and inundation regime on growth and distribution of Schoenoplectus triqueter , 2005 .

[165]  L. Matias,et al.  Taxonomy and distribution of Sagittaria (Alismataceae) in north-eastern Brazil , 2006 .

[166]  D. Simberloff,et al.  BIOTIC INVASIONS: CAUSES, EPIDEMIOLOGY, GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES, AND CONTROL , 2000 .

[167]  F. H. Dawson,et al.  Submerged macrophytes and the hydraulic roughness of a lowland chalkstream: With 5 figures in the text , 1984 .

[168]  R. Sharitz,et al.  Characteristics of Three Populations of a Swamp Annual Under Different Temperature Regimes , 1980 .

[169]  C. D. Cook,et al.  A revision of the genus Egeria (hydrocharitaceae) , 1984 .

[170]  P. Chambers,et al.  Habitat partitioning in riverine macrophyte communities , 1996 .

[171]  I. Mendelssohn,et al.  Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh macrophytes. I. Species variation in stress tolerance. , 1999, American journal of botany.

[172]  M. R. Anderson,et al.  Submerged aquatic macrophyte biomass in relation to sediment characteristics in ten temperate lakes , 1988 .

[173]  L. Heitto.  Macrophytes in Finnish Forest Lakes and Possible Effects of Airborne Acidification , 1990 .

[174]  C. D’Antonio,et al.  COMPETITION BETWEEN NATIVE PERENNIAL AND EXOTIC ANNUAL GRASSES: IMPLICATIONS FOR AN HISTORICAL INVASION , 2004 .

[175]  A. Watt,et al.  The Vegetation of Scotland. , 1965 .

[176]  Hidenobu Kunii,et al.  Seasonal growth and profile structure development of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John in pond Ojaga-ike, Japan. , 1984 .

[177]  C. Duarte,et al.  Littoral slope as a predictor of the maximum biomass of submerged macrophyte communities , 1986 .

[178]  K. Sand‐Jensen,et al.  Plant growth and photosynthesis in the transition zone between land and stream , 1999 .

[179]  A. Coly,et al.  IMPACT OF DAM CONSTRUCTION ON THE HYDROLOGICAL REGIME AND QUALITY OF A SAHELIAN LAKE IN THE RIVER SENEGAL BASIN , 1997 .

[180]  M. Brock.  Accumulation of proline in a submerged aquatic halophyte, Ruppia L. , 2004, Oecologia.

[181]  S. Ormerod,et al.  Altitudinal trends in the diatoms, bryophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish of a Nepalese river system , 1994 .

[182]  D. Tilman.  Resource competition and community structure. , 1983, Monographs in population biology.

[183]  A. Bonis,et al.  Vertical structure of seed banks and the impact of depth of burial on recruitment in two temporary marshes , 1994, Vegetatio.

[184]  Bart A. Nolet,et al.  Long-distance endozoochorous dispersal of submerged macrophyte seeds by migratory waterbirds in northern Europe - a critical review of possibilities and limitations , 2002 .

[185]  F. Short,et al.  Labyrinthula zosterae sp. nov., the causative agent of wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina , 1991 .

[186]  P. Keddy,et al.  Great Lakes Vegetation Dynamics: The Role of Fluctuating Water Levels and Buried Seeds , 1986 .

[187]  J. Davies,et al.  The invasion of Lake Taupo by the submerged water weed Lagarosiphon major and its impact on the native flora , 1988 .

[188]  E. Cooch,et al.  Environmental degradation, food limitation and reproductive output: juvenile survival in lesser snow geese , 1993 .

[189]  W. H. O. Pietsch.  Recolonization and development of vegetation on mine spoils following brown coal mining in Lusatia , 1996 .

[190]  A. Mccomb,et al.  Differential responses to salinity help explain the replacement of native Juncus kraussii by Typha orientalis in Western Australian salt marshes , 1990 .

[191]  P. Reiss,et al.  The Restoration Potential of the Mesopotamian Marshes of Iraq , 2005, Science.

[192]  Marten Scheffer,et al.  Charisma: a spatial explicit simulation model of submerged macrophytes , 2003 .

[193]  B. T. Johnson,et al.  Potential impact of selected agricultural chemical contaminants on a northern prairie wetland: A microcosm evaluation. , 1986, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[194]  P. Chow-Fraser,et al.  Primary determinants of macrophyte community structure in 62 marshes across the Great Lakes basin: latitude, land use, and water quality effects , 2001 .

[195]  Earl D. McCoy,et al.  The Statistics and Biology of the Species-Area Relationship , 1979, The American Naturalist.

[196]  R. Simonsen.  SCULTHORPE, C. D.: The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. 610 S. London: Edward Arnold Ltd. 1967, £ 66 s. net , 1968 .

[197]  Mark V. Hoyer,et al.  Bird abundance and species richness on Florida lakes: influence of trophic status, lake morphology, and aquatic macrophytes , 1994 .

[198]  J. Barko,et al.  Effects of Submerged Aquatic Macrophytes on Nutrient Dynamics, Sedimentation, and Resuspension , 1998 .

[199]  J. Heino.  Concordance of species richness patterns among multiple freshwater taxa: a regional perspective , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[200]  L. Friday.  The diversity of macro invertebrate and macrophyte communities in ponds , 1987 .

[201]  D. Ehhalt,et al.  In situ observations , 1980, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[202]  G. Ksander,et al.  Emergence of vegetative propagules of Potamogeton nodosus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Vallisneria americana, and Hydrilla verticillata based on accumulated degree-days , 2000 .

[203]  M. Berg,et al.  Competition between Chara aspera and Potamogeton pectinatus as a function of temperature and light , 1998 .

[204]  K. McCoy,et al.  The implications of accepting untestedhypotheses: a review of the effectsof purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)in North America , 1998, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[205]  W. H. Allaway,et al.  Growth of plants in solution culture containing low levels of chromium. , 1973, Plant physiology.

[206]  W. Koerselman,et al.  The vegetation N:P ratio: a new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation , 1996 .

[207]  K. Havens,et al.  Recovery of submerged plants from high water stress in a large subtropical lake in Florida, USA , 2004 .

[208]  G. A. Mulligan.  The biology of Canadian weeds , 1979 .

[209]  M. Perrow,et al.  Interactions Between Grazing Birds and Macrophytes , 1998 .

[210]  W. F. Millington,et al.  The biology of aquatic vascular plants , 1967 .

[211]  J. Roelofs,et al.  Constructed shallow zones along navigation canals: vegetation establishment and change in relation to environmental characteristics , 2001 .

[212]  J. Barko,et al.  The growth and biomass distribution of two emergent freshwater plants, Cyperus esculentus and Scirpus validus, on different sediments , 1978 .

[213]  G. Pinto,et al.  In vitro algal growth inhibition by phytotoxins ofTypha latifolia L. , 1990, Journal of Chemical Ecology.

[214]  G. Arts.  Deterioration of atlantic soft water macrophyte communities by acidification, eutrophication and alkalinisation , 2002 .

[215]  Thomas G. Coon,et al.  Increased Abundance and Depth of Submersed Macrophytes in Response to Decreased Turbidity in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron , 1995 .

[216]  B. Rørslett.  An integrated approach to hydropower impact assessment , 1989, Hydrobiologia.

[217]  Y. Kadono.  OCCURRENCE OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES IN RELATION TO pH, ALKALINITY, Ca^ , Cl^- AND CONDUCTIVITY , 1982 .

[218]  G. Minshall,et al.  The River Continuum Concept , 1980 .

[219]  W. T. Haller,et al.  Effects of Salinity on Growth of Several Aquatic Macrophytes , 1974 .

[220]  J. Barko,et al.  Sediment-related mechanisms of growth limitation in submersed macrophytes , 1986 .

[221]  R. Bobbink,et al.  Restoration of aquatic macrophyte vegetation in acidified and eutrophied softwater lakes: an overview , 2002 .

[222]  G. Velde,et al.  The (semi-) aquatic vegetation of still waters within the floodplains of the rivers Rhine and Meuse in The Netherlands: Historical changes and the role of inundation , 1991 .

[223]  L. Santamaría,et al.  Waterbirds as endozoochorous dispersers of aquatic organisms: a review of experimental evidence , 2002 .

[224]  S. An,et al.  Resource allocation in the submerged plant Vallisneria natans related to sediment type, rather than water-column nutrients , 2005 .

[225]  O. Grahn.  Macrophyte succession in Swedish lakes caused by deposition of airborne acid substances , 1977 .

[226]  T. V. Madsen,et al.  The effects of current velocity on the photosynthesis of Callitriche stagnalis scop. , 1983 .

[227]  C. B. Hellquist.  CORRELATION OF ALKALINITY AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF POTAMOGETON IN NEW-ENGLAND , 1980 .

[228]  D. Hofstra,et al.  Competitive performance of Hydrilla verticillata in New Zealand , 1999 .

[229]  Vegetation of Estonian watercourses; the drainage basin of the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland , 2004 .

[230]  K. Endres,et al.  Relationship between waterfowl and American coot abundance with submersed macrophytic vegetation in Currituck Sound, North Carolina , 1995 .

[231]  C. D. Cook.  Aquatic Plant Book , 1990 .

[232]  H. A. Kantrud.  Sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus L.): A literature review , 1990 .

[233]  M. Onaindia,et al.  Aquatic Plants in Relation to Environmental Factors in Northern Spain , 1996 .

[234]  S. Nakai.  Myriophyllum spicatum-released allelopathic polyphenols inhibiting growth of blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa , 2000 .

[235]  C. Korschgen,et al.  The distribution of Vallisneria americana seeds and seedling light requirements in the Upper Mississippi River , 1995 .

[236]  R. J. V. Wijk,et al.  On the germination of turions and the life cycle of Potamogeton trichoides Cham. et Schld. , 1985 .

[237]  R. Rawal,et al.  Phenology of high-altitude plants of Kumaun in Central Himalaya, India , 1990 .

[238]  R. Peters,et al.  Patterns in Biomass and Cover of Aquatic Macrophytes in Lakes , 1986 .

[239]  M. D. de Winton,et al.  Burial limits to the emergence of aquatic plant propagules , 2001 .

[240]  P. Chambers.  Light and nutrients in the control of aquatic plant community structure. II: In situ observations , 1987 .

[241]  N. Lamouroux,et al.  Aquatic plant diversity in riverine wetlands: the role of connectivity , 1998 .

[242]  C. Boylen,et al.  Maximum depth inhabited by aquatic vascular plants , 1977 .

[243]  D. Canfield,et al.  Evaluation of macrophyte control in 38 Florida lakes using triploid grass carp , 2000 .

[244]  J. Grace.  The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction in angiosperms: an aquatic perspective , 1993 .

[245]  L. Arvola,et al.  Response of littoral vegetation on climate warming in the boreal zone; an experimental simulation , 2000, Aquatic Ecology.

[246]  B. Moss,et al.  Ecology of Fresh Waters , 1980 .

[247]  R. Kimball,et al.  Biogeography of Discontinuously Distributed Hydrophytes: A Molecular Appraisal of Intercontinental Disjunctions , 2003, International Journal of Plant Sciences.

[248]  James B. Grace,et al.  Habitat Partitioning and Competitive Displacement in Cattails (Typha): Experimental Field Studies , 1981, The American Naturalist.

[249]  M. Jeffries.  Pond macrophyte assemblages, biodisparity and spatial distribution of ponds in the Northumberland coastal plain, UK , 1998 .

[250]  H. Kunii.  Characteristics of the winter growth of detached Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John in Japan , 1981 .

[251]  David Rosen,et al.  Pest management in the subtropics: biological control - a Florida perspective. , 1994 .

[252]  P. Catling,et al.  THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 88. Elodea canadensis Michx. , 1988 .

[253]  P. Keddy.  Shoreline Vegetation in Axe Lake, Ontario: Effects of Exposure on Zonation Patterns , 1983 .

[254]  K. Hirabayashi,et al.  Temporal changes and vertical distribution of macrophytes in Lake Kawaguchi , 2002, Limnology.

[255]  C. D. Cook.  Aquatic and Wetland Plants of India , 1996 .

[256]  D. Lodge,et al.  Avoidance by Daphnia magna of fish and macrophytes: Chemical cues and predator‐mediated use of macrophyte habitat , 1996 .

[257]  B. Rørslett.  Principal determinants of aquatic macrophyte richness in northern European lakes , 1991 .

[258]  M. L. Meijer,et al.  Biomanipulation in the Netherlands: 15 years of experience. , 2000 .

[259]  Michael L. Rosenzweig,et al.  Species Diversity in Space and Time , 1997 .

[260]  Zong-ci Zhao,et al.  Climate change 2001, the scientific basis, chap. 8: model evaluation. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC , 2001 .

[261]  A. Gasith,et al.  Spatially and temporally sporadic appearance of macrophytes in the littoral zone of Lake Kinneret, Israel: taking advantage of a window of opportunity , 1999 .

[262]  Irmgard Blindow,et al.  Decline of charophytes during eutrophication: Comparison with angiosperms , 1992 .

[263]  Vegetation–environment relationships along El‐Salam Canal, Egypt , 2001 .

[264]  T. Brandrud.  Effects of liming on aquatic macrophytes, with emphasis on Scandinavia , 2002 .

[265]  C. Neill.  Effects of nutrients and water levels on emergent macrophyte biomass in a prairie marsh , 1990 .

[266]  L. Adamec.  Ecophysiological study of the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. , 1995 .

[267]  K. Satake,et al.  Natural acidification of lakes and rivers in Japan: The ecosystem of Lake Usoriko (ph 3.4–3.8) , 1995 .

[268]  P. Adorján,et al.  Effect of copper on growth of an aquatic macrophyte, Elodea canadensis. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[269]  R. Bobbink,et al.  The effects of liming and reacidification on the growth of Juncus bulbosus: a mesocosm experiment , 1999 .

[270]  T. Petr.  Interactions between fish and aquatic macrophytes in inland waters. A review , 2000 .

[271]  Harold A. Mooney,et al.  Invasive species in a changing world , 2000 .

[272]  R. Goulder,et al.  Botanical conservation value related to origin and management of ponds , 2000 .

[273]  R. Macarthur,et al.  The Theory of Island Biogeography , 1969 .

[274]  J. Shearer.  Biological Control of Hydrilla Using an Endemic Fungal Pathogen , 1998 .

[275]  C. Duarte,et al.  Latitudinal influences on the Depths of Maximum Colonization and Maximum Biomass of Submerged Angiosperms in Lakes , 1987 .

[276]  J. K. Breteler,et al.  Herbivory by waterfowl and fish on macrophytes in a biomanipulated lake: effects on long-term recovery. , 1994 .

[277]  C. Duarte,et al.  Influence of Lake Morphometry on the Response of Submerged Macrophytes to Sediment Fertilization , 1988 .

[278]  I. Pípalová.  Initial impact of low stocking density of grass carp on aquatic macrophytes , 2002 .

[279]  J. Harper.  Population Biology of Plants , 1979 .

[280]  Robert J. Orth,et al.  Assessing Water Quality with Submersed Aquatic Vegetation , 1993 .

[281]  C. Darwin.  The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life , 1859 .

[282]  G. Bornette,et al.  Species traits and recolonization processes after flood disturbances in riverine macrophytes , 2004, Vegetatio.

[283]  E. Prepas,et al.  Underwater Spectral Attenuation and Its Effect on the Maximum Depth of Angiosperm Colonization , 1988 .

[284]  Classification of Danube Delta lakes based on aquatic vegetation and turbidity , 1999 .

[285]  C. Osenberg,et al.  CONFLICTING MANAGEMENT GOALS: MANATEES AND INVASIVE COMPETITORS INHIBIT RESTORATION OF A NATIVE MACROPHYTE , 2004 .

[286]  B. Freedman,et al.  Aquatic plants of acid lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia; floristic composition and relation to water chemistry , 1986 .

[287]  R. Sahai,et al.  Productivity of submerged macrophytes in polluted and non-polluted regions of the Eutrophic Lake, Ramgarh. (U.P.). , 1976 .

[288]  J. Madsen,et al.  Photosynthetic characteristics of Myriophyllum spicatum and six submersed aquatic macrophyte species native to Lake George, New York , 1991 .

[289]  D. Lodge.  Herbivory on freshwater macrophytes , 1991 .

[290]  J. P. Nilssen.  Acidification of a Small Watershed in Southern Norway and Some Characteristics of Acidic Aquatic Environments , 1980 .

[291]  J. Clayton,et al.  Successive macrophyte invasions within the submerged flora of Lake Tarawera, Central North Island, New Zealand , 1997 .

[292]  R. Haag.  Emergence of seedlings of aquatic macrophytes from lake sediments , 1983 .

[293]  D. Spence,et al.  zonation of plants in freshwater lakes , 1982 .

[294]  G. Crow.  Species diversity in aquatic angiosperms: latitudinal patterns , 1993 .

[295]  A. Baattrup‐Pedersen,et al.  Impacts of different weed cutting practices on macrophyte species diversity and composition in a Danish stream , 2004 .

[296]  Patricia A. Chambers,et al.  Depth distribution and biomass of submersed aquatic macrophyte communities in relation to Secchi depth , 1985 .

[297]  C. D. Cook,et al.  A revision of the genus Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae) , 1985 .

[298]  S. F. Mitchell,et al.  Eutrophication and black swan (Cygnus atratus Latham) populations: tests of two simple relationships , 1994 .

[299]  G. Ksander,et al.  Influence of temperature and moisture on vegetative propagule germination of Potamogeton species: implications for aquatic plant management , 1992 .

[300]  A. Melzer,et al.  Macrophyte-based assessment of lakes - a contribution to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive in Germany , 2005 .

[301]  S. Maberly,et al.  Area, altitude and aquatic plant diversity , 2003 .

[302]  D. Sear,et al.  Comparative biodiversity of rivers, streams, ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England , 2004 .

[303]  M. Hosomi,et al.  Growth Inhibition of Blue-green Algae by Allelopathic Effects of Macrophytes , 1997 .

[304]  The interactive effects of light and inorganic carbon on aquatic plant growth , 1994 .

[305]  M. Julien,et al.  Biological Control of Weeds: A World Catalogue of Agents and Their Target Weeds , 1992 .

[306]  C. Korschgen,et al.  American wild celery (Vallisneria americana): Ecological considerations for restoration , 1988 .

[307]  S. Thomaz,et al.  Aquatic macrophyte distribution in relation to water and sediment conditions in the Itaipu Reservoir, Brazil , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[308]  J. Eaton,et al.  Competition between three submerged macrophytes,Elodea canadensisMichx,Elodea nuttallii(Planch.) St John andLagarosiphon major(Ridl.) Moss , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[309]  R. Haag,et al.  EFFECTS OF THERMAL EFFLUENT ON STANDING CROP AND NET PRODUCTION OF ELODEA CANADENSIS AND OTHER SUBMERGED MACROPHYTES IN LAKE WABAMUN, ALBERTA , 1977 .

[310]  Hiroomi Imamoto,et al.  Studies on the coastal environment in Lake Biwa. I. Species composition and distribution of submerged macrophytes , 1998 .

[311]  A. Middelboe,et al.  Depth limits and minimum light requirements of freshwater macrophytes , 1997 .

[312]  P. Stiling.  Ecology: Theories and Applications , 1996 .

[313]  Q. Cronk,et al.  Plant Invaders: The threat to natural ecosystems , 1995 .

[314]  J. Fargione,et al.  Competition and Coexistence in Terrestrial Plants , 2002 .

[315]  B. Gopal,et al.  Aquatic vegetation of the Indian subcontinent , 1990 .

[316]  Paul A. Keddy,et al.  FERTILITY AND DISTURBANCE GRADIENTS: A SUMMARY MODEL FOR RIVERINE MARSH VEGETATION' , 1988 .

[317]  E. C. Amoroso,et al.  Biological synopsis of the manatee , 1978 .

[318]  S. Thomaz,et al.  Effects of light on the growth and photosynthesis of Egeria najas planchon , 2003 .

[319]  N. Rea,et al.  Weed invasions in wetlands of Australia's Top End: reasons and solutions , 1999, Wetlands Ecology and Management.

[320]  H. R. Hamilton,et al.  Current Velocity and Its Effect on Aquatic Macrophytes in Flowing Waters. , 1991, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[321]  S. Hubbell,et al.  The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography at age ten. , 2011, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[322]  Gene E. Likens,et al.  An Ecosystem approach to aquatic ecology: Mirror Lake and its environment , 1985 .

[323]  J. Roelofs,et al.  Massive expansion of Juncus bulbosus L. after liming of acidified SW Norwegian lakes , 1994 .

[324]  I. Ungar.  INLAND HALOPHYTES OF THE UNITED STATES , 1974 .

[325]  A. Melzer,et al.  The Trophic Index of Macrophytes (TIM) – a New Tool for Indicating the Trophic State of Running Waters , 2003 .

[326]  I. Mendelssohn,et al.  Indicators of Environmental Stress in Wetland Plants , 1992 .

[327]  M. Meerhoff,et al.  The effects of an artificial wetland dominated by free-floating plants on the restoration of a subtropical, hypertrophic lake , 2004 .

[328]  L. Fortin,et al.  Moss distribution in streams of the Quebec Laurentian Mountains , 2000 .

[329]  Joy B. Zedler,et al.  Multiple disturbances accelerate invasion of reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) in a mesocosm study , 2004, Oecologia.

[330]  P. Pall,et al.  Macroflora in the watercourses of Saaremaa Island (Estonia) , 2004 .

[331]  P. Boon,et al.  Alternative stable states in the aquatic vegetation of shallow urban lakes. II. Catastrophic loss of aquatic plants consequent to nutrient enrichment , 2003 .

[332]  M. Barrat-Segretain.  Biomass allocation in three macrophyte species in relation to the disturbance level of their habitat , 2001 .

[333]  E. Weiher,et al.  Patterns and prediction of α and β diversity of aquatic plants in Adirondack (New York) lakes , 1994 .

[334]  M. Scheffer,et al.  Distribution and dynamics of submerged vegetation in a chain of shallow eutrophic lakes , 1992 .

[335]  W. Green,et al.  Aquatic Plant Control Research Program: 2,4-D Concentration and Exposure Time Relationships for the Control of Eurasian Watermilfoil , 1988 .

[336]  R. Hough,et al.  Long-term responses of aquatic macrophyte diversity and community structure to variation in nitrogen loading , 2003 .

[337]  K. Murphy.  Plant communities and plant diversity in softwater lakes of northern Europe , 2002 .

[338]  T. V. Madsen,et al.  Growth, photosynthesis and acclimation by two submerged macrophytes in relation to temperature , 1997, Oecologia.

[339]  A. Palmisano,et al.  The Effects of Hurricane Camille on the Marshes of the Mississippi River Delta , 1973 .

[340]  H. Toivonen,et al.  Aquatic macrophytes and ecological gradients in 57 small lakes in southern Finland , 1995 .

[341]  S. Larsen,et al.  Plant distribution and abundance in relation to physical conditions and location within Danish stream systems , 2001, Hydrobiologia.

[342]  C. J. West,et al.  Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions , 2000 .

[343]  D. Srivastava,et al.  Aquatic vegetation of Nova Scotian lakes differing in acidity and trophic status , 1995 .

[344]  P. Keddy,et al.  Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation , 2000 .

[345]  Thomas Kiørboe,et al.  Distribution and production of submerged macrophytes in Tipper Grund (Ringkøbing Fjord, Denmark), and the impact of waterfowl grazing , 1980 .

[346]  A. Arthington,et al.  Spatial variation in the distribution and abundance of submersed macrophytes in an Australian subtropical river , 2003 .

[347]  G. Wiegleb.  A study of habitat conditions of the macrophytic vegetation in selected river systems in western Lower Saxony (Federal Republic of Germany) , 1984 .

[348]  M. Barrat-Segretain.  Strategies of reproduction, dispersion, and competition in river plants: A review , 1996, Vegetatio.

[349]  E. Jeppesen,et al.  Switches between clear and turbid water states in a biomanipulated lake (1986-1996): the role of herbivory on macrophytes , 1998 .

[350]  S. Palumbi,et al.  Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force. , 2001, Science.

[351]  Olʹga Mikhaĭlovna Kozhova,et al.  Lake Baikal: Evolution and biodiversity , 1998 .

[352]  K. Sand‐Jensen,et al.  Plant communities in lowland Danish streams: species composition and environmental factors , 2000 .

[353]  M. T. Gallardo,et al.  Inhibition of Water Fern Salvinia minima by Cattail (Typha domingensis) Extracts and by 2-Chlorophenol and Salicylaldehyde , 1998, Journal of Chemical Ecology.

[354]  M. Scheffer.  Ecology of Shallow Lakes , 1997, Population and Community Biology Series.

[355]  G. Wiegleb.  Application of multiple discriminant analysis on the analysis of the correlation between macrophyte vegetation and water quality in running waters of Central Europe , 1981, Hydrobiologia.

[356]  W. Pearsall.  The aquatic vegetation of the English lakes. , 1920 .

[357]  E. Donk,et al.  Effects of grazing by fish and waterfowl on the biomass and species composition of submerged macrophytes. , 1996 .

[358]  J. Talling,et al.  Ecological Dynamics of Tropical Inland Waters , 1999 .

[359]  Y. Kadono.  Genetic uniformity of two aquatic plants, Egeria densa Planch. and Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John, introduced in Japan , 1997 .

[360]  E. Gross,et al.  Allelopathic activity of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Najas marina ssp. intermedia (Wolfgang) Casper , 2003, Hydrobiologia.

[361]  P. Outridge,et al.  Accumulation of toxic trace elements by freshwater vascular plants , 1991 .

[362]  George M. Hornberger,et al.  Effects of Climate Change on Freshwater Ecosystems of the South-Eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico , 1997 .

[363]  B. Osborne,et al.  Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. , 1985 .

[364]  T. K. Mal,et al.  Effects of lead contamination on the growth of lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife). , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[365]  J. Clayton,et al.  New Zealand waterplants: a guide to plants found in New Zealand freshwaters. , 1988 .

[366]  M. Schagerl,et al.  Allelopathic activity of Chara aspera , 2003, Hydrobiologia.

[367]  J. Dainty,et al.  Wave-induced hydraulic forces on submerged aquatic plants in shallow lakes. , 2004, Annals of botany.

[368]  H. A. Kantrud.  The alkali ( Scirpus maritimus L. ) and saltmarsh ( S. robustus Pursh ) bulrushes: a literature review , 1996 .

[369]  T. V. Madsen,et al.  Photosynthetic acclimation of submersed angiosperms to CO2 and HCO−3 , 1996 .

[370]  J. Morse,et al.  Sediment nutrient accumulation and nutrient availability in two tidal freshwater marshes along the Mattaponi River, Virginia, USA , 2004 .

[371]  O. Bragg,et al.  Seven Years of Change Following Liming of Sphagnum Communities in Sector Vii of the Loch Fleet Catchment , 1995 .

[372]  J. Kalff,et al.  Myriophyllum spicatum Pumps Essential and Nonessential Trace Elements from Sediments to Epiphytes , 1994 .

[373]  Barbara L. Bedford,et al.  PATTERNS IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PLANT DIVERSITY OF TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICAN WETLANDS , 1999 .

[374]  K. M. Flynn,et al.  Recovery of freshwater marsh vegetation after a saltwater intrusion event , 1995, Oecologia.

[375]  M. Grodowitz.  An Active Approach to the Use of Insect Biological Control for the Management of Non- Native Aquatic Plants , 1998 .

[376]  Elly P. H. Best,et al.  Effects of nitrogen on the growth and nitrogenous compounds of Ceratophyllum demersum , 1980 .

[377]  J. Grace,et al.  Distribution and abundance of submerged macrophytes, including Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Angiospermae), in a reactor cooling reservoir , 1974 .

[378]  B. Biggs,et al.  Distribution of macrophytes in New Zealand streams and lakes in relation to disturbance frequency and resource supply—a synthesis and conceptual model , 2001 .

[379]  L. Håkanson.  Lake bottom dynamics and morphometry: The dynamic ratio , 1982 .

[380]  A. Gasith,et al.  Structuring Role of Macrophytes in Lakes: Changing Influence Along Lake Size and Depth Gradients , 1998 .