The effects of extraneous response requirements on learning by performers and observers

On a first trial, Ss explored a multiple-choice maze. Performers (Ps), in the presence of observers (Os), utilized either a stylus or a radio tube to make each response. The decision as to which response to make was made either by Ps themselves or by Os who told Ps which responses to make. Decision making and complex response requirements (Tube manipulation) were found to interfere with performance on a retention test.