Chemodynamics of Methyl Parathion and Ethyl Parathion: Adsorption Models for Sustainable Agriculture

The toxicity of organophosphate insecticides for nontarget organism has been the subject of extensive research for sustainable agriculture. Pakistan has banned the use of methyl/ethyl parathions, but they are still illegally used. The present study is an attempt to estimate the residual concentration and to suggest remedial solution of adsorption by different types of soils collected and characterized for physicochemical parameters. Sorption of pesticides in soil or other porous media is an important process regulating pesticide transport and degradation. The percentage removal of methyl parathion and ethyl parathion was determined through UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 276 nm and 277 nm, respectively. The results indicate that agricultural soil as compared to barren soil is more efficient adsorbent for both insecticides, at optimum batch condition of pH 7. The equilibrium between adsorbate and adsorbent was attained in 12 hours. Methyl parathion is removed more efficiently (by seven orders of magnitude) than ethyl parathion. It may be attributed to more available binding sites and less steric hindrance of methyl parathion. Adsorption kinetics indicates that a good correlation exists between distribution coefficient (Kd) and soil organic carbon. A general increase in Kd is noted with increase in induced concentration due to the formation of bound or aged residue.

[1]  Clement A. Tisdell,et al.  Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs , 2001 .

[2]  Ken-ichi Shimizu,et al.  Evaluation of activated carbon fiber filter for sampling of organochlorine pesticides in environmental water samples. , 2003, Chemosphere.

[3]  William F. Spencer,et al.  Transport and transformations of organic chemicals in the soil-air-water ecosystem , 1987 .

[4]  Feng-Chin Wu,et al.  Kinetic modeling of liquid-phase adsorption of reactive dyes and metal ions on chitosan. , 2001, Water research.

[5]  J. Römbke,et al.  Factors influencing the toxicity of two pesticides on three lumbricid species in laboratory tests , 1997 .

[6]  B. Hameed,et al.  Batch adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by garlic peel, an agricultural waste biomass. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[7]  J. LaDou.  The asbestos cancer epidemic. , 2003, Environmental health perspectives.

[8]  Peter J. Shouse,et al.  Soil Electrical Conductivity and Soil Salinity: New Formulations and Calibrations , 1989 .

[9]  P. Spencer,et al.  Recent Advances in Nervous System Toxicology , 1988, NATO ASI Series.

[10]  J. Seiber,et al.  Atmospheric Transport of Organophosphate Pesticides from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountains , 1993 .

[11]  W. Lafi,et al.  Adsorption of pesticides from aqueous solutions using oil shale ash , 2007 .

[12]  C. Beste.  Herbicide handbook of the Weed Science Society of America , 1983 .

[13]  T. Albanis,et al.  Movement of methyl parathion, lindane and atrazine through lysimeters in field conditions , 1988 .

[14]  G. Fox.  Tinkering with the tinkerer: pollution versus evolution. , 1995, Environmental health perspectives.

[15]  W. Thilly,et al.  Elevated incidence of childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Program searches for causes. , 1995, Environmental health perspectives.

[16]  R. Sims,et al.  Evaluation of Mobility of Pesticides in Soil Using U.S. EPA Methodology , 1988 .

[17]  M. Özacar.  Equilibrium and Kinetic Modelling of Adsorption of Phosphorus on Calcined Alunite , 2003 .

[18]  Roger Perry,et al.  Low-cost adsorbents for waste and wastewater treatment: a review , 1992 .

[19]  L. G. Ensminger.  Farm Chemicals Handbook , 1964 .

[20]  Jamil R. Memon,et al.  Adsorption of Methyl Parathion from Aqueous Solutions Using Mango Kernels: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies , 2009 .

[21]  J. Seiber,et al.  Exchange of airborne organophosphorus pesticides with pine needles , 1996 .

[22]  K. S. Reddy,et al.  Factors affecting the adsorption of 2,4-D and methyl parathion in soils and sediments , 1987 .

[23]  J. Herrman.  Round table on the European registration of agrochemical compounds—actual and perspective status: Joint FAO/WHO meeting on pesticide residues† , 1989 .

[24]  Carol R. Johnson,et al.  Biodegradation of sorbed chemicals in soil. , 1995, Environmental health perspectives.

[25]  J. Schnoor.  Fate of pesticides and chemicals in the environment , 1992 .

[26]  M. Sillanpää,et al.  Determination of gas-phase produced ethyl parathion and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate by ion mobility spectrometry, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. , 2007, Talanta.

[27]  Dada A.O,et al.  Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherms Studies of Equilibrium Sorption of Zn 2+ Unto Phosphoric Acid Modified Rice Husk , 2012 .

[28]  K. Ragnarsdóttir.  Environmental fate and toxicology of organophosphate pesticides , 2000, Journal of the Geological Society.

[29]  R. S. Swift,et al.  Effect of soil composition and dissolved organic matter on pesticide sorption. , 2002, The Science of the total environment.

[30]  A. Dikshit,et al.  Competitive Sorption of Pesticides onto Treated Wood Charcoal and the Effect of Organic and Inorganic Parameters on Adsorption Capacity , 2010 .

[31]  M. Tariq,et al.  Pesticides in shallow groundwater of Bahawalnagar, Muzafargarh, D.G. Khan and Rajan Pur districts of Punjab, Pakistan. , 2004, Environment international.

[32]  J. Yang,et al.  Silica adsorbent prepared from spent diatomaceous earth and its application to removal of dye from aqueous solution. , 2004, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[33]  R. Gillard.  Buffers for pH and Metal Ion Control , 1975 .

[34]  Andreas Acrivos,et al.  Pore- and Solid-Diffusion Kinetics in Fixed-Bed Adsorption under Constant-Pattern Conditions , 1966 .

[35]  P. Burauel,et al.  Soils as filter and buffer for pesticides--experimental concepts to understand soil functions. , 2005, Environmental pollution.

[36]  A. Smith,et al.  Soil Science , 1965, Nature.

[37]  Joel Giddens,et al.  Soils and Soil Fertility , 1974 .

[38]  E. Demirbas,et al.  Removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto hazelnut shell activated carbon: equilibrium studies. , 2002, Bioresource technology.

[39]  M. Liang,et al.  Rapid multiresidue screening method for organophosphate pesticides in vegetables , 1995 .

[40]  R. T. Yang,et al.  Theoretical basis for the Dubinin-Radushkevitch (D-R) adsorption isotherm equation , 1997 .