Scientific Opinion on the assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Foot and Mouth Disease

Abstract EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases (‘Animal Health Law’). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for foot and mouth disease (FMD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection zone of 3 km and of the surveillance zone of 10 km are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period of 21 days was assessed as effective, and it was concluded that the protection and the surveillance zones comprise > 99% of the infections from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations, provided for each of the scenarios assessed, aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to FMD.

[1]  S. Gubbins,et al.  Technical report on the methodological approach used for the assessment of the control measures for Category A diseases in the context of the new Animal Health Law , 2020, EFSA Supporting Publications.

[2]  K. De Clercq,et al.  Complex Circulation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle in Nigeria , 2020, Frontiers in Veterinary Science.

[3]  Srinivasan Villuppanoor Alwar,et al.  Experimental Infection of Foot and Mouth Disease in Indian Sheep and Goats , 2020, Frontiers in Veterinary Science.

[4]  E. Brocchi,et al.  Development and validation of a simplified serotyping ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O, A, C and Asia 1. , 2020, Transboundary and emerging diseases.

[5]  U. Wernery,et al.  Reconstructing the evolutionary history of pandemic foot-and-mouth disease viruses: the impact of recombination within the emerging O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[6]  M. T. McIntosh,et al.  Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk samples by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: Optimisation and evaluation of a high-throughput screening method with potential for disease surveillance , 2018, Veterinary microbiology.

[7]  K. De Clercq,et al.  Laboratory validation of two real-time RT-PCR methods with 5'-tailed primers for an enhanced detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 2017, Journal of virological methods.

[8]  Matt J Keeling,et al.  Preserving privacy whilst maintaining robust epidemiological predictions. , 2016, Epidemics.

[9]  E. Klement,et al.  Seroprevalence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Susceptible Wildlife in Israel , 2016, Front. Vet. Sci..

[10]  T. M. Tran,et al.  Collection of Oral Fluids Using Cotton Ropes as a Sampling Method to Detect Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection in Pigs. , 2015, Transboundary and emerging diseases.

[11]  W. Vosloo,et al.  The use of serosurveys following emergency vaccination, to recover the status of "foot-and-mouth disease free where vaccination is not practised". , 2014, Vaccine.

[12]  J. Crowther,et al.  Within herd transmission and evaluation of the performance of clinical and serological diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in partially immune cattle herds. , 2014, Vaccine.

[13]  T. Mettenleiter,et al.  Proof of principle: non-invasive sampling for early detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in wild boar using a rope-in-a-bait sampling technique. , 2014, Veterinary microbiology.

[14]  T Yamamoto,et al.  Mathematical model of the 2010 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Japan and evaluation of control measures. , 2013, Preventive veterinary medicine.

[15]  W. Karesh,et al.  FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE: A LOOK FROM THE WILD SIDE , 2013, Journal of wildlife diseases.

[16]  K. Sumption,et al.  Surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in susceptible wildlife and domestic ungulates in Southeast of Bulgaria following a FMD case in wild boar. , 2013, Veterinary microbiology.

[17]  H J W van Roermund,et al.  Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease I: epidemiological consequences. , 2012, Preventive veterinary medicine.

[18]  Neil M Ferguson,et al.  Within-farm transmission dynamics of foot and mouth disease as revealed by the 2001 epidemic in Great Britain. , 2012, Epidemics.

[19]  B. Dufour,et al.  Structuring the passive surveillance network improves epizootic detection and control efficacy: a simulation study on foot-and-mouth disease in France. , 2012, Transboundary and emerging diseases.

[20]  Lao Juan,et al.  Development and Validation of a Scale for Measuring Instructors' Attitudes toward Concept-Based or Reform-Oriented Teaching of Introductory Statistics in the Health and Behavioral Sciences , 2010, 1007.3219.

[21]  M. Madhanmohan,et al.  Protection against direct in-contact challenge following foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in sheep and goats: the effect on virus excretion and carrier status , 2010, Veterinary Research Communications.

[22]  M. D. de Jong,et al.  Transmission risks and control of foot-and-mouth disease in The Netherlands: spatial patterns. , 2010, Epidemics.

[23]  G. Roberts,et al.  Predicting undetected infections during the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak , 2009, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[24]  S. Gubbins,et al.  Quantifying the Risk of Localised Animal Movement Bans for Foot-and-Mouth Disease , 2009, PloS one.

[25]  Neil M Ferguson,et al.  Epidemiological inference for partially observed epidemics: the example of the 2001 foot and mouth epidemic in Great Britain. , 2009, Epidemics.

[26]  T. Beckham,et al.  Diagnosis of foot-and mouth disease by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction under field conditions in Brazil , 2008, BMC veterinary research.

[27]  S. Gubbins,et al.  Clinical and laboratory investigations of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in southern England in 2007 , 2008, Veterinary Record.

[28]  Annemarie Bouma,et al.  Rate of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus Transmission by Carriers Quantified from Experimental Data , 2008, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[29]  Daniel T. Haydon,et al.  Transmission Pathways of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the United Kingdom in 2007 , 2008, PLoS pathogens.

[30]  J. Wilesmith,et al.  Modelling studies to estimate the prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease carriers after reactive vaccination , 2008, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[31]  N. Ferguson,et al.  Transmission Parameters of the 2001 Foot and Mouth Epidemic in Great Britain , 2007, PloS one.

[32]  M. D. de Jong,et al.  The effect of vaccination on foot and mouth disease virus transmission among dairy cows. , 2007, Vaccine.

[33]  M. Greiner,et al.  Comparative evaluation of six ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 2006, Vaccine.

[34]  M. Greiner,et al.  Application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle. , 2006, Vaccine.

[35]  Phaedra Eblé,et al.  Quantification of within- and between-pen transmission of Foot-and-Mouth disease virus in pigs. , 2006, Veterinary research.

[36]  S. Reid,et al.  Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Comparative Diagnostic Sensitivity of Two Independent Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays , 2006, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.

[37]  S. Reid,et al.  The application of new techniques to the improved detection of persistently infected cattle after vaccination and contact exposure to foot-and-mouth disease. , 2005, Vaccine.

[38]  S. Reid,et al.  Protection against direct-contact challenge following emergency FMD vaccination of cattle and the effect on virus excretion from the oropharynx. , 2005, Vaccine.

[39]  B. Baxt,et al.  Foot-and-Mouth Disease , 2004, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[40]  S. Alexandersen,et al.  Validation of a foot-and-mouth disease antibody screening solid-phase competition ELISA (SPCE). , 2004, Journal of virological methods.

[41]  S. Alexandersen,et al.  The pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease. , 2003, Journal of comparative pathology.

[42]  R. Kitching,et al.  Clinical and laboratory investigations of five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom , 2003, Veterinary Record.

[43]  M. D. de Jong,et al.  The foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in The Netherlands in 2001. , 2003, Preventive veterinary medicine.

[44]  Zhidong Zhang,et al.  Detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus by real-time, fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. , 2002, Journal of virological methods.

[45]  J. W. Wilesmith,et al.  Descriptive epidemiology of the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Great Britain: the first five months , 2001, Veterinary Record.

[46]  D. Mackay,et al.  A solid-phase competition ELISA for measuring antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 2001, Journal of virological methods.

[47]  Christl A. Donnelly,et al.  The Foot-and-Mouth Epidemic in Great Britain: Pattern of Spread and Impact of Interventions , 2001, Science.

[48]  M. Oleksiewicz,et al.  The early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs infected by contact: a quantitative time-course study using TaqMan RT-PCR. , 2001, The Journal of general virology.

[49]  V. O'Donnell,et al.  Detection of Antibodies against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Using a Liquid-Phase Blocking Sandwich ELISA (LPBE) with a Bioengineered 3D Protein , 1996, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.

[50]  V. O'Donnell,et al.  Susceptibility of llamas (Lama glama) to infection with foot-and-mouth-disease virus. , 1995, Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B.

[51]  C. Mebus,et al.  African Swine Fever Interference with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Infection and Seroconversion in Pigs , 1995, Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.

[52]  P. Roeder,et al.  Detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a sensitive, rapid and reliable technique for primary diagnosis. , 1987, Research in veterinary science.

[53]  M. Salman,et al.  Scientific Opinion on foot-and-mouth disease in Thrace 1 EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare , 2012 .

[54]  B. Pattnaik,et al.  Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in semen of infected cattle bulls , 2012 .

[55]  Rob Deardon,et al.  INFERENCE FOR INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL MODELS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN LARGE POPULATIONS. , 2010, Statistica Sinica.

[56]  P. Gailiunas,et al.  Foot-and-mouth disease virus in semen of bulls and its transmission by artificial insemination , 2005, Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung.

[57]  K. Sumption,et al.  Control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. , 2003, Virus research.

[58]  W. Vosloo,et al.  Foot and mouth disease in wildlife. , 2003, Virus research.

[59]  J. Lubroth,et al.  Preparation of foot-and-mouth disease contingency plans. , 2002 .

[60]  P. Barnett.  Foot-and-mouth disease--the vaccine. , 2001, Biologist.

[61]  RockOn Team,et al.  Re: Attenuation compensation in single-photon emission tomography: a comparative evaluation. , 1983, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[62]  D. Moore,et al.  Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease. , 1980, Progress in clinical and biological research.

[63]  W. B.,et al.  Foot and mouth disease. , 2002, Research in veterinary science.