Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics.

An uptick in recent pandemics (Ebola, Zika, MERS, influenza, etc.) underlines the need for a more 'nimble,' coordinated response that addresses a multitude of issues ranging from transportation, access, facilities, equipment, and communication to provider training. To address this need, we have developed an innovative, scalable, logistics-enhanced, mobile, laboratory facility for emergencies and epidemics in resource-constrained global settings. Utilizing a background in clinical operations as an academic medical center, we designed a rapidly-deployable, modular BSL-2 and BSL-3 facility with user-friendly software for tracking and management of drugs and supplies in remote regions during epidemics and outbreaks. Here, we present our intermodal, mobile, expandable shipping-container laboratory units. The design of the laboratory facilitates off-grid usage by minimizing power consumption and allowing alternate water sources. The unit's information communication technology (ICT) platform provides (i) user-friendly tablet-based documentation, (ii) enhanced tracking of patients and supplies, and (iii) integrated communication onsite with built-in telehealth capabilities. To ensure quality in remote environments, we have developed a checklist for a basic laboratory workflow and a protocol for respiratory viral diagnosis using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). As described, this innovative and comprehensive approach allows for the provision of laboratory capability in resource-limited global environments.

[1]  J. Tait,et al.  Challenges and opportunities. , 1996, Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing.

[2]  B. Flannery,et al.  Factors associated with real‐time RT‐PCR cycle threshold values among medically attended influenza episodes , 2016, Journal of medical virology.

[3]  Captain Y. B. Nusfield Public Health , 1906, Canadian Medical Association journal.

[4]  A. Mills,et al.  Health care systems in low- and middle-income countries. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[5]  A. Monto,et al.  Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Differed by Vaccine Type During 2013-2014 in the United States. , 2016, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[6]  P. Formenty,et al.  Mobile diagnostics in outbreak response, not only for Ebola: a blueprint for a modular and robust field laboratory. , 2015, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[7]  Mikiko Senga,et al.  Ebola virus disease in West Africa--the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[8]  pNuha Algarzaep Zika virus outbreak , 2019 .

[9]  S. Sardi,et al.  Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil , 2015, Emerging infectious diseases.

[10]  D. Nauwelaers,et al.  Development, Evaluation, and Integration of a Quantitative Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnostic Test for Ebola Virus on a Molecular Diagnostics Platform. , 2016, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[11]  K. Karwowska,et al.  Ebola virus disease , 2019, The Lancet.

[12]  Rapid research response to the 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza pandemic (Revised) , 2013, BMC Research Notes.

[13]  V. A. Safronov,et al.  Development and evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Ebola virus (Zaire) during an Ebola outbreak in Guinea in 2014-2015. , 2016, Journal of virological methods.

[14]  Anthony S Fauci,et al.  Zika Virus in the Americas--Yet Another Arbovirus Threat. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[15]  J. Nkengasong,et al.  Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Resource-Poor Countries: Challenges and Opportunities , 2011, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[16]  H. Balkhy,et al.  Occurrence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) across the Gulf Corporation Council countries: Four years update , 2017, PloS one.

[17]  T. C. Lorenz,et al.  Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies , 2012, Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE.

[18]  M. Schibler,et al.  Ebola virus disease diagnosis by real-time RT-PCR: A comparative study of 11 different procedures. , 2016, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[19]  Bill Gates,et al.  The next epidemic--lessons from Ebola. , 2015, The New England journal of medicine.

[20]  A. Monto,et al.  Enhanced Genetic Characterization of Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses and Vaccine Effectiveness by Genetic Group, 2014-2015. , 2016, The Journal of infectious diseases.