The radiation regime and architecture of plant stands

one: Plant stand architecture.- 1.1 Role of Phytometric Investigations in The Studies of Plant Stand Architecture and Radiation Regime.- 1.2 Principal Phytometric Characteristics of Stands.- 1.2.1 Phytometric characteristics of leaf and other plant organs.- 1.2.2 Phytometric characteristics of an individual plant.- 1.2.3 Phytometric characteristics of a pure stand.- 1.2.4 Plant stand as a horizontal layer.- 1.3 Phytometrical Methods.- 1.3.1 Determination of leaf area.- 1.3.2 The measurement of leaf orientation.- 1.3.3 Inclined point quadrats method.- 1.3.4 Stratifying clip method.- 1.3.5 The methods of statistical measurements.- 1.3.6 Numerical methods for determination of foliage area vertical distribution.- 1.3.7 A rational method for determining phytometric characteristics of stand architecture and productivity.- 1.4 Statistical Characteristics of A Stand.- 1.4.1 Parameters of statistical characteristics.- 1.4.2 Correlation between statistical characteristics.- 1.5 Spatial Distribution of Phytoelements in Stands.- 1.5.1 General.- 1.5.2 Space-time variability of transition functions.- 1.5.3 Vertical distribution of phytomass and phytoarea.- 1.5.4 Horizontal distribution of phytomass and phytoarea.- 1.6 Foliage Area Orientation in Stands.- 1.6.1 General.- 1.6.2 Distribution functions of leaf inclination and azimuth orientation.- 1.6.3 G-function of leaf orientation.- 1.7 Plant Stand Architecture, Photosynthesis and Productivity.- two: Radiation regime in plant stand.- II.1 Radiation Field in a Plant Stand and The Problem of Its Mathematical Modelling.- II.1.1 General.- II. 1.2 Basic characteristics of the radiation field.- II. 1.3 Optical characteristics of phytoelements.- II. 1.4 Optical characteristics of plate medium.- II. 1.5 The radiation transfer equation for an optically anisotropic plate medium.- IL 1.6 Plant stand as a plate medium.- IL 1.7 The radiation transfer equation for a plant stand.- II. 1.8 Leaf and plant stand absorption functions.- II. 1.9 Statistical character of the radiation field in plant stands.- 11.2 Incident Radiation.- II.2.1 General.- IL2.2 Incoming direct solar radiation.- 11.2.3 Incoming diffuse sky radiation.- 11.2.4 Incoming total solar radiation.- 11.2.5 Incoming long-wave radiation of the atmosphere.- 11.2.6 Photosynthetically active radiation.- 11.3 Optical Properties of Phytoelements.- 11.3.1 General.- 11.3.2 Optical models of the leaf.- 11.3.3 Scattering phase function of the leaf.- 11.3.4 Spectral optical properties of phytoelements.- 11.3.5 Integral coefficients of leaf reflection, transmission and absorption for short-wave radiation and PAR.- 11.3.6 Optical properties of phytoelements in the long-wave spectral region.- 11.4 Penetration of Direct Solar Radiation into a Plant Stand.- 11.4.1 General.- 11.4.2 Statistical character of penetration of direct radiation in a plant stand. Penumbras.- 11.4.3 Theoretical expressions for direct solar radiation penetration.- 11.4.4 Penetration theory for direct solar radiation in horizontally inhomogeneous plant stands.- 11.4.5 Calculated penetration of direct solar radiation and its dependence on various factors.- 11.4.6 Methods of experimental investigation.- 11.4.7 Experimental data on penetration.- 11.5 Penetration of Diffuse Sky Radiation Into Plant Stand.- 11.5.1 General.- 11.5.2 Penetration formulae.- 11.5.3 Calculation of intensities and zonal radiation.- 11.5.4 Calculation of downward fluxes.- 11.5.5 Method of hemispherical photographs.- 11.5.6 Statistical character of the penetration of diffuse sky radiation.- 11.6 Scattering of Radiation Inside Plant Stands.- 11.6.1 General.- 11.6.2 Scattering and absorption coefficients for an elementary volume in a plant stand. Scattering phase function.- 11.6.3 Solution of radiation transfer equation for horizontal leaves.- 11.6.4 The Schwarzschild approximation for modified radiative transfer equation.- 11.6.5 Approximation for single scattering.- 11.6.6 Leaf scattering coefficient ?L and the complementary radiation field.- 11.6.7 Calculation of the complementary PAR field.- 11.6.8 Calculation of the complementary NIR field.- 11.7 Total Radiation Field in Plant Stands.- 11.7.1 General.- 11.7.2 Intensities of total radiation field.- 11.7.3 Total vertical fluxes.- 11.7.4 Angular distribution of total radiation flux.- 11.7.5 Leaf absorption in total radiation field.- 11.7.6 Radiation in a plant stand with horizontal leaves.- 11.7.7 Errors of the approximate methods of calculation.- 11.7.8 New theories.- 11.7.9 Monte Carlo simulation models.- 11.8 Semiempirical Formulae for Total Radiation Fluxes.- 11.8.1 General.- 11.8.2 Exponential and binomial semiempirical formulae.- 11.8.3 New semiempirical formulae.- 11.9 Albedo of Plant Stand.- 11.9.1 General.- 11.9.2 Formulae for the albedo and brightness coefficient.- 11.9.3 Albedo and its dependence on various factors.- 11.9.4 Comparison of calculated and experimental data.- 11.10 Calculation of Long-Wave Radiation in A Stand.- 11.11 Net Radtation in Plant Stands.- Conclusion.- Supplement. Description of Field Experiments.- References.- Author Index.

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