Improving public health through active transportation : understanding the influence of the built environment on decisions to travel by bicycle

ii PREFACE iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi DEDICATION xii

[1]  Thomas Lumley,et al.  Using built environment characteristics to predict walking for exercise , 2008, International journal of health geographics.

[2]  J. M. Oakes,et al.  Does Residential Density Increase Walking and Other Physical Activity? , 2007 .

[3]  Andrew Baum,et al.  Environment and health , 1982 .

[4]  Michael Duncan,et al.  Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[5]  Susan L Handy,et al.  How the built environment affects physical activity: views from urban planning. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[6]  Bert Brunekreef,et al.  Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study , 2002, The Lancet.

[7]  W. Velicer,et al.  The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change , 1997, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[8]  Paul Mitchell Hess,et al.  Measuring Land Use Patterns for Transportation Research , 2001 .

[9]  Chandra R. Bhat,et al.  Commuter Bicyclist Route Choice: Analysis Using a Stated Preference Survey , 2003 .

[10]  Romain Meeusen,et al.  Commuting by bike in Belgium, the costs of minor accidents. , 2010, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[11]  William E. Moritz,et al.  Survey of North American Bicycle Commuters: Design and Aggregate Results , 1997 .

[12]  A. Cheadle,et al.  Cycling and the Built Environment, a US Perspective , 2005 .

[13]  Katsumi Takahashi,et al.  Modeling of Bicycle Route and Destination Choice Behavior for Bicycle Road Network Plan , 2000 .

[14]  Meghan Winters,et al.  Designing a route planner to facilitate and promote cycling in Metro Vancouver, Canada , 2010 .

[15]  C. Dora,et al.  A different route to health: implications of transport policies , 1999, BMJ.

[16]  R J Shephard,et al.  The economic burden of physical inactivity in Canada. , 2000, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[17]  Jianguo Wu,et al.  The modifiable areal unit problem and implications for landscape ecology , 1996, Landscape Ecology.

[18]  Shawn Turner,et al.  Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation. Publication No. FHWA-HRT-05-133. , 2006 .

[19]  John E Abraham,et al.  Influences on bicycle use , 2007 .

[20]  Wolfgang Babisch,et al.  Traffic Noise and Risk of Myocardial Infarction , 2005, Epidemiology.

[21]  J. Pucher,et al.  Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: an international review. , 2010, Preventive medicine.

[22]  Jennifer Dill,et al.  Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them , 2003 .

[23]  Peter T Katzmarzyk,et al.  The Canadian obesity epidemic: an historical perspective. , 2002, Obesity research.

[24]  Kevin J. Krizek,et al.  A detailed analysis of how an urban trail system affects cyclists’ travel , 2007 .

[25]  A. Herring,et al.  Evaluating change in physical activity with the building of a multi-use trail. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[26]  J. Pucher,et al.  Cycling Trends and Policies in Canadian Cities , 2005 .

[27]  N. Schuurman,et al.  Comparing circular and network buffers to examine the influence of land use on walking for leisure and errands , 2007, International journal of health geographics.

[28]  Nadine Schuurman,et al.  Pedestrian injury and the built environment: an environmental scan of hotspots , 2009, BMC public health.

[29]  Luc Int Panis,et al.  Exposure to particulate matter in traffic: A comparison of cyclists and car passengers , 2010 .

[30]  B. Saelens,et al.  Built environment correlates of walking: a review. , 2008, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[31]  Céline Robardet,et al.  Characterizing the speed and paths of shared bicycles in Lyon , 2010, ArXiv.

[32]  Max Bulsara,et al.  Active commuting in a university setting: Assessing commuting habits and potential for modal change , 2006 .

[33]  N. Colabianchi Does the built environment matter for physical activity? , 2009 .

[34]  J. Sallis,et al.  Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures , 2003, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[35]  Michael Grant,et al.  How Far Out of the Way Will We Travel? , 2010 .

[36]  J. Prochaska,et al.  The transtheoretical model and stages of change. , 1996 .

[37]  G A Colditz,et al.  Economic costs of obesity and inactivity. , 1999, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[38]  Ralph Buehler,et al.  Cycling for Everyone , 2008 .

[39]  T. McMillan,et al.  Urban Form and a Child’s Trip to School: The Current Literature and a Framework for Future Research , 2005 .

[40]  K. Krizek Two Approaches to Valuing Some of Bicycle Facilities' Presumed Benefits: Propose a session for the 2007 National Planning Conference in the City of Brotherly Love , 2006 .

[41]  Kelly R Evenson,et al.  The relationship between leisure, walking, and transportation activity with the natural environment. , 2007, Health & place.

[42]  O. Franco,et al.  Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport , 2009, The Lancet.

[43]  Kevin J. Krizek,et al.  Explaining Changes in Walking and Bicycling Behavior: Challenges for Transportation Research , 2009 .

[44]  Lisa Aultman-Hall,et al.  Research Design Insights from a Survey of Urban Bicycle Commuters , 1998 .

[45]  V. E. Daniel,et al.  Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter? , 2004 .

[46]  Anne Vernez Moudon,et al.  Walking and Bicycling: An Evaluation of Environmental Audit Instruments , 2003, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[47]  T J Pikora,et al.  An update of recent evidence of the relationship between objective and self-report measures of the physical environment and physical activity behaviours. , 2004, Journal of science and medicine in sport.

[48]  M. Harris,et al.  The impact of transportation infrastructure on bicycling injuries and crashes: a review of the literature , 2009, Environmental health : a global access science source.

[49]  R. Pate,et al.  Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. , 2001, Preventive medicine.

[50]  A. Manley Physical Activity And Health: A Report Of The Surgeon General , 2004 .

[51]  S. Raudenbush,et al.  Relationship between Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity , 2003, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[52]  K. Krizek,et al.  Proximity to Trails and Retail: Effects on Urban Cycling and Walking , 2006 .

[53]  M. Kwan Gender, the Home-Work Link, and Space-Time Patterns of Nonemployment Activities , 1999 .

[54]  Hendriek C Boshuizen,et al.  Factors of the physical environment associated with walking and bicycling. , 2004, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[55]  Ken R. Smith,et al.  Mixed land use and walkability: Variations in land use measures and relationships with BMI, overweight, and obesity. , 2009, Health & place.

[56]  S. Titze,et al.  Association of built-environment, social-environment and personal factors with bicycling as a mode of transportation among Austrian city dwellers. , 2008, Preventive medicine.

[57]  Alan T. Murray,et al.  Excess Commuting and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem , 2002 .

[58]  W. Rakowski,et al.  Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. , 1994, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[59]  J. Sallis,et al.  The development of a walkability index: application to the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study , 2009, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[60]  K. Teschke,et al.  Route Preferences among Adults in the near Market for Bicycling: Findings of the Cycling in Cities Study , 2010, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[61]  E. K. Burns,et al.  Cycling to Work in Phoenix: Route Choice, Travel Behavior, and Commuter Characteristics , 2001 .

[62]  B. Giles-Corti,et al.  The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. , 2002, Social science & medicine.

[63]  S. Titze,et al.  Environmental, social, and personal correlates of cycling for transportation in a student population. , 2007, Journal of physical activity & health.

[64]  Michael Brauer,et al.  Estimating urban morphometry at the neighborhood scale for improvement in modeling long-term average air pollution concentrations , 2008 .

[65]  Thomas H. Cormen,et al.  Introduction to algorithms [2nd ed.] , 2001 .

[66]  Lawrence D. Frank,et al.  Active transportation and physical activity: opportunities for collaboration on transportation and public health research , 2004 .

[67]  M. Brauer,et al.  Built Environment Influences on Healthy Transportation Choices: Bicycling versus Driving , 2010, Journal of urban health.

[68]  Ilse de Bourdeaudhuij,et al.  Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with cycling for transport among a working population. , 2007, Health education research.

[69]  Birgitta Gatersleben,et al.  Contemplating Cycling to Work: Attitudes and Perceptions in Different Stages of Change , 2007 .

[70]  A. Herring,et al.  Exploring Associations between Physical Activity and Perceived and Objective Measures of the Built Environment , 2007, Journal of Urban Health.

[71]  D. Ward,et al.  Barriers to and Facilitators of Walking and Bicycling to School: Formative Results From the Non-Motorized Travel Study , 2008, Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education.

[72]  J. Kampert,et al.  Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. , 1999, JAMA.

[73]  M. Baltes Factors influencing nondiscretionary work trips by bicycle determined from 1990 U.S. census metropolitan statistical area data , 1996 .

[74]  C. Lewis,et al.  Longitudinal associations between neighborhood-level street network with walking, bicycling, and jogging: the CARDIA study. , 2010, Health & place.

[75]  K. Teschke,et al.  Utilitarian bicycling: a multilevel analysis of climate and personal influences. , 2007, American journal of preventive medicine.

[76]  I. Hendriksen,et al.  The association between commuter cycling and sickness absence. , 2010, Preventive medicine.

[77]  K. Powell,et al.  The Effectiveness of Urban Design and Land Use and Transport Policies and Practices to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review. , 2006, Journal of physical activity & health.

[78]  M. Hamer,et al.  Active commuting and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analytic review. , 2008, Preventive medicine.

[79]  J. Sallis,et al.  A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity. , 2008, Preventive medicine.

[80]  J. Samet,et al.  Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association , 2004, Circulation.

[81]  Kevin J. Krizek,et al.  Estimating Bicycling Demand , 2005 .

[82]  John Pucher,et al.  Why Canadians cycle more than Americans: A comparative analysis of bicycling trends and policies , 2006 .

[83]  J. Sallis,et al.  An ecological approach to creating active living communities. , 2006, Annual review of public health.

[84]  Anne Vernez Moudon,et al.  The 3Ds + R: Quantifying Land Use and Urban Form Correlates of Walking , 2006 .

[85]  Michael Pratt,et al.  Levels of physical activity and inactivity in children and adults in the United States: current evidence and research issues. , 1999, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[86]  Lisa Aultman-Hall,et al.  Analysis of Bicycle Commuter Routes Using Geographic Information Systems: Implications for Bicycle Planning , 1997 .

[87]  Chandra R. Bhat,et al.  Who are Bicyclists? Why and how much are they Bicycling? , 2009 .

[88]  R. Flowerdew,et al.  Neighbourhood effects on health: does it matter where you draw the boundaries? , 2008, Social science & medicine.

[89]  M. Schroll,et al.  All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.

[90]  Mayer Hillman,et al.  CYCLING AND THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH , 1993 .

[91]  M. Nankervis,et al.  The effects of weather and climate on bicycle commuting , 1999 .

[92]  N. Cavill,et al.  Cycling and health - what's the evidence? , 2007 .

[93]  J. Sallis,et al.  Ecological models of health behavior. , 2008 .

[94]  Diane M Gibson,et al.  The neighborhood food environment and adult weight status: estimates from longitudinal data. , 2011, American journal of public health.

[95]  R. Jackson,et al.  Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities , 2004 .

[96]  John L. Renne,et al.  Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS , 2003 .

[97]  Jennifer Dill Bicycling for Transportation and Health: The Role of Infrastructure , 2009, Journal of public health policy.

[98]  M. Meyer,et al.  Urban transportation planning , 1984 .

[99]  Cathy L. Antonakos,et al.  ENVIRONMENTAL AND TRAVEL PREFERENCES OF CYCLISTS. , 1993 .

[100]  P. Mokhtarian,et al.  Self-Selection in the Relationship between the Built Environment and Walking: Empirical Evidence from Northern California , 2006 .

[101]  J. Sallis,et al.  Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[102]  G. Schofield,et al.  Travel behavior and objectively measured urban design variables: associations for adults traveling to work. , 2008, Health & place.

[103]  Ralph Buehler,et al.  Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany , 2008 .

[104]  Christine M. Hoehner,et al.  Measuring the built environment for physical activity: state of the science. , 2009, American journal of preventive medicine.

[105]  N. Wells,et al.  Neighborhood design and walking. A quasi-experimental longitudinal study. , 2008, American journal of preventive medicine.

[106]  K. Krizek Operationalizing Neighborhood Accessibility for Land Use-Travel Behavior Research and Regional Modeling , 2003 .

[107]  L Aultman-Hall,et al.  Ottawa-Carleton commuter cyclist on- and off-road incident rates. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[108]  Lawrence D. Frank,et al.  Healthy Neighborhoods: Walkability and Air Pollution , 2009, Environmental health perspectives.

[109]  G. Schofield,et al.  The Built Environment and Transport-Related Physical Activity: What We Do and Do Not Know , 2005 .

[110]  Penny Gordon-Larsen,et al.  Associations among active transportation, physical activity, and weight status in young adults. , 2005, Obesity research.

[111]  Chandra R. Bhat,et al.  An analysis of bicycle route choice preferences in Texas, US , 2009 .

[112]  D. Levinson,et al.  TRAILS, LANES, OR TRAFFIC: VALUING BICYCLE FACILITIES WITH AN ADAPTIVE STATED PREFERENCE SURVEY , 2007 .

[113]  C. Bhat,et al.  Frequency of Bicycle Commuting: Internet-Based Survey Analysis , 2004 .

[114]  G. Rose,et al.  Promoting transportation cycling for women: the role of bicycle infrastructure. , 2008, Preventive medicine.

[115]  Venkat R. Vattikuti,et al.  Real-Time Human Perceptions: Toward a Bicycle Level of Service , 1997 .

[116]  Rune Elvik,et al.  Incomplete Accident Reporting: Meta-Analysis of Studies Made in 13 Countries , 1999 .

[117]  K. Teschke,et al.  Motivators and deterrents of bicycling: comparing influences on decisions to ride , 2011 .

[118]  K. Leyden Social capital and the built environment: the importance of walkable neighborhoods. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[119]  Arthur Christian Nelson,et al.  If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them: Association Between Bicycle Facilities and Bicycle Commuting , 1997 .

[120]  Jorge Gil,et al.  Space Syntax: The Role of Urban Form in Cyclist Route Choice in Central London , 2007 .

[121]  Michael Brauer,et al.  Application of land use regression to estimate long-term concentrations of traffic-related nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[122]  F. Racioppi,et al.  Economic analyses of transport infrastructure and policies including health effects related to cycling and walking: A systematic review , 2008 .

[123]  P. Jacobsen Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling , 2003, Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention.

[124]  Jennifer Dill,et al.  Factors Affecting Bicycling Demand , 2007 .

[125]  J. Sallis,et al.  Many Pathways from Land Use to Health: Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality , 2006 .

[126]  D. Warburton,et al.  Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence , 2006, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[127]  L. Dijkstra,et al.  Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: lessons from The Netherlands and Germany. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[128]  F. Bull,et al.  Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling. , 2003, Social science & medicine.

[129]  Robert J. Schneider,et al.  Avoiding Biased Interpretation of Bicycle Surveys: Comparing Results from Four Distribution Methods in Winston-Salem, North Carolina , 2006 .

[130]  R. Cervero,et al.  Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogotá , 2009 .

[131]  H. Nijland,et al.  Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks? , 2010, Environmental health perspectives.