Sustained Human Background Exposure to Acrolein Evidenced by Monitoring Urinary Exposure Biomarkers.

SCOPE The potential correlation between the intake of heat processed food and the excretion of the acrolein (AC) biomarkers HPMA and CEMA was monitored in the urine of volunteers from two human studies was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Human exposure to AC was monitored using the AC related mercapturic acids, N acetyl-d3-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine (HPMA) and N acetyl-S-(carboxyethyl)-l-cysteine (CEMA) in the urine of a) non-smoking volunteers under defined, living conditions and b) of non-smoking volunteers on unrestricted or vegan diet under free living conditions. Free living volunteers in part showed markedly enhanced urinary excretions of HPMA and CEMA. The intake of heat processed food did not influence AC related biomarker excretion. Incidentally enhanced urinary exposure biomarker levels, appeared to suggest AC exposure possibly from open fire, barbecuing or tobacco smoke. However, kinetics of urinary biomarkers related to tobacco and other potential smoke exposure, did not correlate with those observed for HPMA and CEMA. CONCLUSION This study is the first to convincingly show a sustained and substantial background exposure to acrolein in nonsmoking humans, clearly independent from uptake of heat-processed foods. The data strongly point to endogenous AC generation by pathways of mammalian and/ or microbial metabolism as yet not taken into consideration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

[1]  Tsung-Yun Liu,et al.  Identification of acrolein metabolites in human buccal cells, blood, and urine after consumption of commercial fried food , 2019, Food science & nutrition.

[2]  A. Lampen,et al.  Biomonitoring of nutritional acrylamide intake by consumers without dietary preferences as compared to vegans , 2019, Archives of Toxicology.

[3]  Xin M. Luo,et al.  Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases , 2018, Front. Microbiol..

[4]  T. Bakuradze,et al.  Biomarker monitoring of controlled dietary acrylamide exposure indicates consistent human endogenous background , 2017, Archives of Toxicology.

[5]  M. Ebert,et al.  Acrolein contributes strongly to antimicrobial and heterocyclic amine transformation activities of reuterin , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[6]  K. Higashi,et al.  Recent Progress in Analytical Methods for Determination of Urinary 3-Hydroxypropylmercapturic Acid, a Major Metabolite of Acrolein. , 2016, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[7]  T. Bakuradze,et al.  Monitoring urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of human dietary exposure to acrylamide in combination with acrylamide uptake assessment based on duplicate diets , 2016, Archives of Toxicology.

[8]  Jian-Min Yuan,et al.  Elevated Levels of Mercapturic Acids of Acrolein and Crotonaldehyde in the Urine of Chinese Women in Singapore Who Regularly Cook at Home , 2015, PloS one.

[9]  P. Schieberle,et al.  Isotope-labeling studies on the formation pathway of acrolein during heat processing of oils. , 2014, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[10]  M. Granvogl.  Development of three stable isotope dilution assays for the quantitation of (E)-2-butenal (crotonaldehyde) in heat-processed edible fats and oils as well as in food. , 2014, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[11]  P. Steinberg,et al.  Thermally induced process-related contaminants: the example of acrolein and the comparison with acrylamide: opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG). , 2013, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[12]  S. Hecht,et al.  High throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for mercapturic acids of acrolein and crotonaldehyde in cigarette smokers' urine. , 2013, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[13]  U. Fuhr,et al.  Profiling of mercapturic acids of acrolein and acrylamide in human urine after consumption of potato crisps. , 2012, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[14]  A. Lampen,et al.  Toxicology and risk assessment of acrolein in food. , 2011, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[15]  H. Drexler,et al.  Mercapturic acids as metabolites of alkylating substances in urine samples of German inhabitants. , 2011, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

[16]  P. Schieberle,et al.  Development of two stable isotope dilution assays for the quantitation of acrolein in heat-processed fats. , 2011, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[17]  B. Blount,et al.  Simultaneous determination of six mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds in human urine. , 2009, Chemical research in toxicology.

[18]  Jian Cai,et al.  Protein modification by acrolein: formation and stability of cysteine adducts. , 2009, Chemical research in toxicology.

[19]  T. Schettgen,et al.  Simultaneous determination of mercapturic acids derived from ethylene oxide (HEMA), propylene oxide (2-HPMA), acrolein (3-HPMA), acrylamide (AAMA) and N,N-dimethylformamide (AMCC) in human urine using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. , 2008, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[20]  D. Hatsukami,et al.  Quantitation of acrolein-derived (3-hydroxypropyl)mercapturic acid in human urine by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry: effects of cigarette smoking. , 2007, Chemical research in toxicology.

[21]  S. Vollenweider,et al.  3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde: applications and perspectives of biotechnological production , 2004, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[22]  N. Sauvageot,et al.  Glycerol metabolism in Lactobacillus collinoides: production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, a precursor of acrolein. , 2000, International journal of food microbiology.

[23]  L. Sayre,et al.  Reaffirmation That Metabolism of Polyamines by Bovine Plasma Amine Oxidase Occurs Strictly at the Primary Amino Termini* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[24]  E. Niki,et al.  Acrolein Is a Product of Lipid Peroxidation Reaction , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[25]  S. L. Hazen,et al.  Human neutrophils employ the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system to convert hydroxy-amino acids into glycolaldehyde, 2-hydroxypropanal, and acrolein. A mechanism for the generation of highly reactive alpha-hydroxy and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes by phagocytes at sites of inflammat , 1997, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[26]  R. Talaat,et al.  Metabolism and Distribution of [2,3‐14C]Acrolein in Sprague‐Dawley Rats , 1996, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[27]  T. Ahmed,et al.  Acrolein mercapturates: synthesis, characterization, and assessment of their role in the bladder toxicity of cyclophosphamide. , 1995, Chemical research in toxicology.

[28]  W. Dobrogosz,et al.  Purification and Characterization of Glycerol Dehydratase from Lactobacillus reuteri , 1990, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[29]  J. F. Stevens,et al.  Acrolein: sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease. , 2008, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[30]  R. Talaat,et al.  Metabolism and distribution of [2,3-14C]acrolein in Sprague-Dawley rats. II. Identification of urinary and fecal metabolites. , 1998, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.