Distance-dependent consensus thresholds for generating group-representative structural brain networks

Large-scale structural brain networks encode white matter connectivity patterns among distributed brain areas. These connection patterns are believed to support cognitive processes and, when compromised, can lead to neurocognitive deficits and maladaptive behavior. A powerful approach for studying the organizing principles of brain networks is to construct group-representative networks from multisubject cohorts. Doing so amplifies signal to noise ratios and provides a clearer picture of brain network organization. Here, we show that current approaches for generating sparse group-representative networks overestimate the proportion of short-range connections present in a network and, as a result, fail to match subject-level networks along a wide range of network statistics. We present an alternative approach that preserves the connection-length distribution of individual subjects. We have used this method in previous papers to generate group-representative networks, though to date its performance has not been appropriately benchmarked and compared against other methods. As a result of this simple modification, the networks generated using this approach successfully recapitulate subject-level properties, outperforming similar approaches by better preserving features that promote integrative brain function rather than segregative. The method developed here holds promise for future studies investigating basic organizational principles and features of large-scale structural brain networks. Author Summary Sparse structural connectivity data from many subjects can be succinctly represented using appropriate averaging procedures. We show, however, that several popular procedures for doing so generate group-averaged networks with statistics that are dissimilar from the subject-level networks they are intended to represent. These dissimilarities, we argue, arise from the over- and underexpression of short-range and long-distance connections, respectively, in the group-averaged matrix. We present a distance-dependent thresholding procedure that preserves connection length distributions and consequently better matches subject-level networks and their statistics. These findings inform data-driven exploratory analyses of connectomes.