Phonological opacity and counterfactual derivation

McCarthy (1999) introduces helpful terminology to distinguish the two subcases in (1). Cases of type (1)a are examples of processes whose generalizations are non-surface-true, and cases of type (1)b are examples of processes whose generalizations are non-surface-apparent. McCarthy also demonstrates that there are in fact some kinds of non-surface-true generalizations that OT has no particular problem with at all: simple instances of contextual blocking (McCarthy 1999:332-333) and chain shifts (‘counterfeeding on focus’ as opposed to ‘counterfeeding on environment’ opacity; McCarthy 1999:363ff). McCarthy (1999:332) summarizes the situation for OT “[as it] is currently understood” as follows:

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