Predictors of Late Presentation for HIV Diagnosis: A Literature Review and Suggested Way Forward

[1]  K. Wallston,et al.  The Relationship Between Positive Psychological Attributes and Psychological Well-Being in Persons with HIV/AIDS , 2012, AIDS and Behavior.

[2]  S. Sengupta,et al.  HIV Interventions to Reduce HIV/AIDS Stigma: A Systematic Review , 2011, AIDS and Behavior.

[3]  J. Clarke,et al.  What is a systematic review? , 2011, Evidence Based Nursing.

[4]  L. Nelson,et al.  Four-Year Treatment Outcomes of Adult Patients Enrolled in Mozambique's Rapidly Expanding Antiretroviral Therapy Program , 2011, PloS one.

[5]  Carlos Del Rio,et al.  The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection. , 2011, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[6]  G. Dinant,et al.  To test or not to test: A cross-sectional survey of the psychosocial determinants of self-testing for cholesterol, glucose, and HIV , 2011, BMC public health.

[7]  B. Barber,et al.  The Relationship Between Rejection Sensitivity and Compliant Condom Use , 2010, Archives of sexual behavior.

[8]  P. Easterbrook,et al.  “It took a piece of me”: initial responses to a positive HIV diagnosis by Caribbean people in the UK , 2010, AIDS care.

[9]  M. Fox,et al.  Lost opportunities to complete CD4+ lymphocyte testing among patients who tested positive for HIV in South Africa. , 2010, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[10]  B. Rice,et al.  HIV transmission and high rates of late diagnoses among adults aged 50 years and over , 2010, AIDS.

[11]  C. del Rio,et al.  Never in Care: Characteristics of HIV-Infected Crack Cocaine Users in 2 US Cities Who Have Never Been to Outpatient HIV Care , 2010, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[12]  N. Chauhan,et al.  Late presenters to HIV care and treatment, identification of associated risk factors in HIV-1 infected Indian population , 2010, BMC public health.

[13]  Sung Soon Kim,et al.  Increasing late diagnosis in HIV infection in South Korea: 2000-2007 , 2010, BMC public health.

[14]  R. Kaul,et al.  Effect of Baseline HIV Disease Parameters on CD4+ T Cell Recovery After Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Kenyan Women , 2010, PloS one.

[15]  K. Pallangyo,et al.  Effect of Improved access to Antiretroviral Therapy on clinical characteristics of patients enrolled in the HIV care and treatment clinic, at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania , 2010, BMC public health.

[16]  M. Hovell,et al.  Determinants and prevalence of late HIV testing in Tijuana, Mexico. , 2010, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[17]  R. Arafat,et al.  Late HIV diagnosis in Houston/Harris County, Texas, 2000–2007 , 2010, AIDS care.

[18]  L. Napper,et al.  Who Chooses a Rapid Test for HIV in Los Angeles County, California? , 2010, Evaluation & the health professions.

[19]  A. Harries,et al.  Unacceptable attrition among WHO stages 1 and 2 patients in a hospital-based setting in rural Malawi: can we retain such patients within the general health system? , 2010, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[20]  P. Ehrenkranz,et al.  Factors associated with delayed entry into primary HIV medical care after HIV diagnosis , 2010, AIDS.

[21]  B. Gazzard,et al.  Late diagnosis in the HAART era: proposed common definitions and associations with mortality , 2010, AIDS.

[22]  T. Hallett,et al.  Examining the promise of HIV elimination by ‘test and treat’ in hyperendemic settings , 2010, AIDS.

[23]  S. Kiene,et al.  WITHDRAWN: Home-based HIV voluntary counseling and testing in developing countries. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[24]  B. Maughan-Brown.  Stigma rises despite antiretroviral roll-out: a longitudinal analysis in South Africa. , 2010, Social science & medicine.

[25]  K. Wallston,et al.  The stigma of childhood mental disorders: a conceptual framework. , 2010, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[26]  C. Sabin,et al.  Definition and epidemiology of late presentation in Europe , 2010, Antiviral therapy.

[27]  M. Johnson,et al.  Introduction to Late Presentation for HIV Treatment in Europe , 2010, Antiviral therapy.

[28]  A. Mocroft,et al.  Medical and Societal Consequences of Late Presentation , 2010, Antiviral therapy.

[29]  Y. Yazdanpanah,et al.  Earlier Testing for HIV – How do we Prevent Late Presentation? , 2010, Antiviral therapy.

[30]  M. Johnson,et al.  Report of a European Working Group on Late Presentation with HIV Infection: Recommendations and Regional Variation , 2010, Antiviral therapy.

[31]  Duane T. Wegener,et al.  Communicating about health: Message framing, persuasion and health behavior. , 2009 .

[32]  M. Ristola,et al.  Determinants of late HIV diagnosis among different transmission groups in Finland from 1985 to 2005 , 2009, HIV medicine.

[33]  R. Colebunders,et al.  "It's better not to know": perceived barriers to HIV voluntary counseling and testing among sub-Saharan African migrants in Belgium. , 2009, AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education.

[34]  J. Crump,et al.  Characteristics of HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Clients Before and During Care and Treatment Scale-Up in Moshi, Tanzania , 2009, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[35]  R. Detels,et al.  Higher risk of AIDS or death in patients with lower CD4 cell counts after virally suppressive HAART , 2009, HIV medicine.

[36]  Jeffrey N. Martin,et al.  Late-Disease Stage at Presentation to an HIV Clinic in the Era of Free Antiretroviral Therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa , 2009, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[37]  P. Sullivan,et al.  HIV testing factors associated with delayed entry into HIV medical care among HIV-infected persons from eighteen states, United States, 2000-2004. , 2009, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[38]  E. Valverde,et al.  Health-related beliefs and decisions about accessing HIV medical care among HIV-infected persons who are not receiving care. , 2009, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[39]  Y. Ko,et al.  Awareness of HIV/AIDS prevention and acceptance of HIV testing among residents in Likoma Island, northern Malawi. , 2009, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[40]  S. Vermund,et al.  Adult combination antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from Botswana and future challenges. , 2009, HIV therapy.

[41]  J. Tejero,et al.  Factors associated with late HIV testing for Latinos diagnosed with AIDS in Los Angeles , 2009, AIDS care.

[42]  A. Steptoe,et al.  Dispositional optimism and stress-induced changes in immunity and negative mood , 2009, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[43]  C. Allgulander,et al.  Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in HIV infected mine workers in South Africa. A retrospective descriptive study of acute first admissions. , 2009, African journal of psychiatry.

[44]  A. d’Arminio Monforte,et al.  HIV‐infected long‐term nonprogressors display a unique correlative pattern between the interleukin‐7/interleukin‐7 receptor circuit and T‐cell homeostasis , 2009, HIV medicine.

[45]  D. Rao,et al.  One Year After ART Initiation: Psychosocial Factors Associated with Stigma Among HIV-Positive Mozambicans , 2009, AIDS and Behavior.

[46]  K. Mojumdar,et al.  HIV voluntary counseling and testing: an experience from India , 2009, AIDS care.

[47]  Wayne T. Steward,et al.  Psychiatric Context of Acute/Early HIV Infection. The NIMH Multisite Acute HIV Infection Study: IV , 2009, AIDS and Behavior.

[48]  R. Guy,et al.  Delayed diagnosis of HIV infection in Victoria 1994 to 2006. , 2009, Sexual health.

[49]  Kelika A. Konda,et al.  A comparison of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in four countries: negative attitudes and perceived acts of discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS. , 2009, Social science & medicine.

[50]  R. Thornton,et al.  Increasing the acceptability of HIV counseling and testing with three C's: convenience, confidentiality and credibility. , 2009, Social science & medicine.

[51]  A. Chasteen,et al.  The development and validation of the Age-Based Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire. , 2009, The Gerontologist.

[52]  P. Morosini,et al.  The Role of Anger in Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment in Patients Infected with HIV , 2009, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.

[53]  E. Yano,et al.  The Impact of Integrated HIV Care on Patient Health Outcomes , 2009, Medical care.

[54]  P. Ongolo-Zogo,et al.  Delayed first consultation after diagnosis of HIV infection in Cameroon , 2009, AIDS.

[55]  K. Vedhara,et al.  Adverse psychosocial factors predict poorer prognosis in HIV disease: A meta-analytic review of prospective investigations , 2009, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[56]  C. Allgulander,et al.  HIV infection and psychiatric illness. , 2009, African journal of psychiatry.

[57]  B. Ledergerber,et al.  Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies , 2009, The Lancet.

[58]  M. Leary,et al.  Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: a multimotive model. , 2009, Psychological review.

[59]  H. Rees,et al.  Factors associated with HIV testing among sexually active South African youth aged 15–24 years , 2009, AIDS care.

[60]  R. Coker,et al.  Late diagnosis of HIV in Europe: definitional and public health challenges , 2009, AIDS care.

[61]  Bonita E. Lee,et al.  Time to testing and accessing care among a population of newly diagnosed patients with HIV with a high proportion of Canadian Aboriginals, 1998-2003. , 2009, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[62]  D. Gisselquist,et al.  Knowledge of HIV survival on skin-piercing instruments among young adults in Nyanza Province, Kenya , 2009, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[63]  W. Wechsberg,et al.  Correlates of HIV testing among South African women with high sexual and substance-use risk behaviours , 2009, AIDS care.

[64]  J. Willig,et al.  The therapeutic implications of timely linkage and early retention in HIV care. , 2009, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[65]  C. Ndour,et al.  Dépistage tardif de l’infection à VIH à la clinique des maladies infectieuses de Fann, Dakar : circonstances de diagnostic, itinéraire thérapeutique des patients et facteurs déterminants , 2009 .

[66]  C. Tufanaru,et al.  Health Belief Model , 2009 .

[67]  C. Sabin,et al.  Patients presenting with AIDS in the HAART era: a collaborative cohort analysis , 2008, AIDS.

[68]  C. Mussini,et al.  Late Presenters in an HIV Surveillance System in Italy During the Period 1992-2006 , 2008, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[69]  J. L. Harmon,et al.  Trauma, stressful life events and depression predict HIV-related fatigue , 2008, AIDS care.

[70]  A. Steptoe,et al.  Positive Psychological Well-Being and Mortality: A Quantitative Review of Prospective Observational Studies , 2008, Psychosomatic medicine.

[71]  R. Remien,et al.  Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward , 2008, AIDS.

[72]  A. Wodak,et al.  The role of harm reduction in controlling HIV among injecting drug users. , 2008, AIDS.

[73]  R. Weber,et al.  Delayed diagnosis of HIV infection and late initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study , 2008, HIV medicine.

[74]  B. Trejo-Valdivia,et al.  Costs and benefits of HAART for patients with HIV in a public hospital in Mexico , 2008, AIDS.

[75]  L. Myer,et al.  Early loss of HIV-infected patients on potent antiretroviral therapy programmes in lower-income countries. , 2008, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[76]  K. Anastos,et al.  Antiretroviral therapy in resource‐limited settings 1996 to 2006: patient characteristics, treatment regimens and monitoring in sub‐Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America , 2008, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[77]  J. Leserman.  Role of depression, stress, and trauma in HIV disease progression. , 2008, Psychosomatic medicine.

[78]  J. Begovac,et al.  Late Presentation to Care for HIV Infection in Croatia and the Effect of Interventions During the Croatian Global Fund Project , 2008, AIDS and Behavior.

[79]  W. K. Henry,et al.  CD4+ count and risk of non-AIDS diseases following initial treatment for HIV infection , 2008, AIDS.

[80]  A. Tami,et al.  Determinants of late disease-stage presentation at diagnosis of HIV infection in Venezuela: A case-case comparison , 2008, AIDS Research and Therapy.

[81]  C. Delrio.  Report from the 15th Retrovirus Conference. Continued problems with late HIV diagnosis and new problems with testing scale-up. , 2008 .

[82]  U. Ehlert,et al.  Effects of cognitive behavioral stress management on HIV-1 RNA, CD4 cell counts and psychosocial parameters of HIV-infected persons , 2008, AIDS.

[83]  W. Holzemer,et al.  Coping With HIV‐Related Stigma in Five African Countries , 2008, The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC.

[84]  J. Changalucha,et al.  Uptake of HIV voluntary counselling and testing services in rural Tanzania: implications for effective HIV prevention and equitable access to treatment , 2008, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[85]  J. Nazroo,et al.  Missed opportunities for earlier HIV diagnosis within primary and secondary healthcare settings in the UK , 2008, AIDS.

[86]  V. Chongsuvivatwong,et al.  Late HIV diagnosis and delay in CD4 count measurement among HIV-infected patients in Southern Thailand , 2008, AIDS care.

[87]  K. Boopathi,et al.  Perception of HIV testing among attendees at an STD clinic in India , 2008, AIDS care.

[88]  Sydney Rosen,et al.  Patient Retention in Antiretroviral Therapy Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review , 2007, PLoS medicine.

[89]  C. Sabin,et al.  Late Diagnosis of HIV Infection: Epidemiological Features, Consequences and Strategies to Encourage Earlier Testing , 2007, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[90]  R. Wood,et al.  Healthcare utilization of patients accessing an African national treatment program , 2007, BMC Health Services Research.

[91]  F. Lert,et al.  Correlates of late HIV diagnosis: implications for testing policy , 2007, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[92]  D. Lairson,et al.  Predictors of delayed HIV diagnosis in a recently diagnosed cohort. , 2007, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[93]  M. Mugavero,et al.  Late diagnosis of HIV infection: the role of age and sex. , 2007, The American journal of medicine.

[94]  Richard D Moore,et al.  CD4+ cell count 6 years after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy in persons with sustained virologic suppression. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[95]  J. Sackoff,et al.  AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in the HAART era in New York City , 2007, AIDS care.

[96]  Anne M Johnson,et al.  Why the(y) wait? Key informant understandings of factors contributing to late presentation and poor utilization of HIV health and social care services by African migrants in Britain , 2007, AIDS care.

[97]  Z. Iliyasu,et al.  Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and attitude towards voluntary counseling and testing among adults. , 2006, Journal of the National Medical Association.

[98]  C. Sabin,et al.  The late diagnosis and consequent short-term mortality of HIV-infected heterosexuals (England and Wales, 2000–2004) , 2006, AIDS.

[99]  P. Corrigan,et al.  The Self–Stigma of Mental Illness: Implications for Self–Esteem and Self–Efficacy , 2006 .

[100]  C. Koopman,et al.  Effects of Quality of Life and Coping on Depression among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS , 2006, Journal of health psychology.

[101]  W. Miller,et al.  Prevalence of DSM-IV-Defined Mood, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders in an HIV Clinic in the Southeastern United States , 2006, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[102]  A. Coutinho,et al.  Depression and CD4 Cell Count Among Persons with HIV Infection in Uganda , 2006, AIDS and Behavior.

[103]  E. Funkhouser,et al.  Factors Associated with Delayed Initiation of HIV Medical Care Among Infected Persons Attending a Southern HIV/AIDS Clinic , 2006, Southern medical journal.

[104]  M. Rosińska.  Current trends in HIV/ AIDS epidemiology in Poland, 1999 – 2004 , 2006 .

[105]  Fernando Aiuti,et al.  Failure to reconstitute CD4+ T-cells despite suppression of HIV replication under HAART. , 2006, AIDS reviews.

[106]  L. Myer,et al.  CD4 cell count recovery among HIV-infected patients with very advanced immunodeficiency commencing antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa , 2006, BMC infectious diseases.

[107]  W. Holzemer,et al.  Prayer as a Complementary Health Strategy for Managing HIV‐related Symptoms Among Ethnically Diverse Patients , 2006, Holistic nursing practice.

[108]  P. Pezzotti,et al.  Increasing proportion of late testers among AIDS cases in Italy, 1996–2002 , 2005, AIDS care.

[109]  D. Jones,et al.  Influence of partner participation on sexual risk behavior reduction among HIV-Positive Zambian women , 2005, Journal of Urban Health.

[110]  M. Battegay,et al.  Characteristics, determinants, and clinical relevance of CD4 T cell recovery to <500 cells/microL in HIV type 1-infected individuals receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[111]  C. Portillo,et al.  Self-care strategies for depressive symptoms in people with HIV disease. , 2005, Journal of advanced nursing.

[112]  Mathieu Nacher,et al.  Risk factors for late HIV diagnosis in French Guiana , 2005, AIDS.

[113]  M. Ogilvie,et al.  Heterosexual men and women with HIV test positive at a later stage of infection than homo- or bisexual men , 2004, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[114]  G. Ippolito,et al.  Delayed Presentation and Late Testing for HIV: Demographic and Behavioral Risk Factors in a Multicenter Study in Italy , 2004, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[115]  P. Vanhems,et al.  Characteristics of patients diagnosed with AIDS shortly after first detection of HIV antibodies in Lyon University hospitals from 1985 to 2001 * , 2004, HIV medicine.

[116]  K. Klepp,et al.  Factors influencing acceptability of voluntary counselling and HIV-testing among pregnant women in Northern Tanzania , 2004, AIDS care.

[117]  P. Wolters,et al.  Coping styles among families of children with HIV infection , 2004, AIDS care.

[118]  Dan J Stein,et al.  Psychopathology and coping in recently diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients--the role of gender. , 2004, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[119]  M. Gill,et al.  The high cost of medical care for patients who present late (CD4<200 cells/μL) with HIV infection , 2004, HIV medicine.

[120]  J. Kaldor,et al.  Late HIV presentation among AIDS cases in Australia, 1992–2001 , 2003, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[121]  S. Kalichman,et al.  HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in Cape Town, South Africa , 2003, Sexually transmitted infections.

[122]  Shui-Shan Lee,et al.  Temporal trend and factors associated with late HIV diagnosis in Hong Kong, a low HIV prevalence locality. , 2003, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[123]  M. Kemeny.  An interdisciplinary research model to investigate psychosocial cofactors in disease: Application to HIV-1 pathogenesis , 2003, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[124]  L. Hurley,et al.  Review of Medical Encounters in the 5 Years Before a Diagnosis of HIV-1 Infection: Implications for Early Detection , 2003, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[125]  Pekka Martikainen,et al.  Psychosocial determinants of health in social epidemiology. , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.

[126]  L. de la Fuente,et al.  Late diagnosis of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: consequences for AIDS incidence , 2002, AIDS.

[127]  Jonathan AC Sterne,et al.  Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies , 2002, The Lancet.

[128]  K. Goodkin,et al.  Late middle-aged and older men living with HIV/AIDS: race differences in coping, social support, and psychological distress. , 2000, Journal of the National Medical Association.

[129]  J. Hocking,et al.  Late presentation of HIV infection associated with prolonged survival following AIDS diagnosis—characteristics of individuals , 2000, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[130]  M. Moroni,et al.  Comparable biological and molecular determinants in HIV type 1-infected long-term nonprogressors and recently infected individuals. , 1997, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

[131]  Simon M. Kaplan,et al.  MUDdling Through , 1997, HICSS.

[132]  C. Lyketsos,et al.  Changes in depressive symptoms as AIDS develops , 1996 .

[133]  N. Reynolds,et al.  Stigma, HIV and AIDS: an exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory. , 1995, Social science & medicine.

[134]  M. Chesney,et al.  Depressive symptoms and CD4 lymphocyte decline among HIV-infected men. , 1993, JAMA.

[135]  E. Singer,et al.  Depressive symptoms in blood donors notified of HIV infection. , 1993, American journal of public health.

[136]  K. Glanz,et al.  Health behavior and health education : theory, research, and practice , 1991 .

[137]  Bruce G. Link,et al.  A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders : an empirical assessment , 1989 .

[138]  K. Glanz,et al.  An Ecological Perspective on Health Promotion Programs , 1988, Health education quarterly.

[139]  A. Baum,et al.  Psychological research and the prevention, etiology, and treatment of AIDS. , 1988, The American psychologist.

[140]  Amalio Telenti,et al.  Antiretroviral Treatment of Adult HIV Infection2010 Recommendations of the International AIDS Society–USA Panel , 2010 .

[141]  P. Sow,et al.  [Late diagnosis of HIV infection in the Fann, Dakar clinic of infectious diseases: testing circumstances, therapeutic course of patients, and determining factors]. , 2009, Medecine et maladies infectieuses.

[142]  S. Hammer,et al.  Antiretroviral Treatment of Adult HIV Infection 2008 Recommendations of the International AIDS Society–USA Panel , 2008 .

[143]  C. Skinner,et al.  The health belief model. , 2008 .

[144]  C. del Rio.  Report from the 15th Retrovirus Conference. Continued problems with late HIV diagnosis and new problems with testing scale-up. , 2008, AIDS clinical care.

[145]  J. Parsons,et al.  Medication Adherence Mediates the Relationship between Adherence Self-efficacy and Biological Assessments of HIV Health among those with Alcohol Use Disorders , 2007, AIDS and Behavior.

[146]  A. Cowles,et al.  Health-Related Information Seeking as a Function of Health-Related Locus of Control and Health Value , 2007 .

[147]  G. Arendt.  Affective Disorders in Patients with HIV Infection , 2006, CNS drugs.

[148]  W. Tierney,et al.  Characteristics of HIV infected patients cared for at "academic model for the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS" clinics in western Kenya. , 2006, East African medical journal.

[149]  E. Funkhouser,et al.  Delayed access to HIV diagnosis and care: Special concerns for the Southern United States. , 2006, AIDS care.

[150]  Ş. Şener,et al.  [Family functioning and psychosocial characteristics in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with comorbid oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder]. , 2005, Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry.

[151]  N. Schneiderman,et al.  Dispositional optimism and the mechanisms by which it predicts slower disease progression in HIV: proactive behavior, avoidant coping, and depression , 2005, International journal of behavioral medicine.

[152]  Jerry Suls,et al.  Social psychological foundations of health and illness , 2003 .

[153]  C. Gardner,et al.  How people get into mental health services: stories of choice, coercion and "muddling through" from "first-timers". , 1998, Social science & medicine.

[154]  C. Lyketsos,et al.  Changes in depressive symptoms as AIDS develops. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. , 1996, The American journal of psychiatry.

[155]  R. Rogers.  Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: a revised theory of prote , 1983 .

[156]  John T. Cacioppo,et al.  Social psychophysiology : a sourcebook , 1983 .

[157]  Barbara Strudler Wallston,et al.  6 – HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL SCALES1 , 1981 .

[158]  R. Andersen,et al.  A framework for the study of access to medical care. , 1974, Health services research.

[159]  A. Stangl,et al.  Combating HIV stigma in health care settings: what works? , 2009, Journal of the International AIDS Society.