Characterization of a Whole-Cell Biotransformation Using a Constitutive Lysine Decarboxylase from Escherichia coli for the High-Level Production of Cadaverine from Industrial Grade l-Lysine

Cadaverine is used for the synthesis of the novel bio-polyamides 54, 56, and 510. Here, we examine the feasibility of using a lysine decarboxylase (LdcC) from Escherichia coli for high-level production of cadaverine. After sequential optimization of whole-cell biotransformation conditions, recombinant E. coli-overexpressing LdcC (EcLdcC) could produce 1.0 M cadaverine from 1.2 M crude l-lysine solution after 9 h. EcLdcC retained a higher cadaverine yield after being reused 10 times at acidic and alkaline pH values than that of a recombinant E. coli strain overexpressing an inducible lysine decarboxylase (CadA), a conventional cadaverine producer (90 vs. 51% at pH 6 and 55 vs. 15% at pH 8). This study reveals that EcLdcC is a promising whole-cell biocatalyst for the bio-based production of cadaverine from industrial grade l-lysine in comparison to EcCadA.

[1]  M. Alaiz,et al.  Amino acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate. , 1992, Journal of chromatography.

[2]  Y. Yamamoto,et al.  The Escherichia coli ldcC gene encodes another lysine decarboxylase, probably a constitutive enzyme. , 1997, Genes & genetic systems.

[3]  D. Lane,et al.  Expression of the second lysine decarboxylase gene of Escherichia coli. , 1998, Microbiology.

[4]  F. Arnold,et al.  How enzymes adapt: lessons from directed evolution , 2001, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[5]  C. Wittmann,et al.  The l -Lysine Story: From Metabolic Pathways to Industrial Production , 2007 .

[6]  S. Lee,et al.  Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of putrescine: a four carbon diamine. , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[7]  S. Pack,et al.  Thermostabilization of Bacillus circulans xylanase via computational design of a flexible surface cavity. , 2010, Journal of biotechnology.

[8]  C. Wittmann,et al.  Identification and Elimination of the Competing N-Acetyldiaminopentane Pathway for Improved Production of Diaminopentane by Corynebacterium glutamicum , 2010, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[9]  G. Krithika,et al.  The Two Forms of Lysine Decarboxylase; Kinetics and Effect of Expression in Relation to Acid Tolerance Response in E. coli , 2010 .

[10]  S. Pack,et al.  Thermostabilization of Bacillus circulans xylanase: computational optimization of unstable residues based on thermal fluctuation analysis. , 2011, Journal of biotechnology.

[11]  W. Houry,et al.  Linkage between the bacterial acid stress and stringent responses: the structure of the inducible lysine decarboxylase , 2011, The EMBO journal.

[12]  Y. Jang,et al.  Bio‐based production of C2–C6 platform chemicals , 2012, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[13]  Y. Yoo,et al.  Hydrophobic interaction network analysis for thermostabilization of a mesophilic xylanase. , 2012, Journal of biotechnology.

[14]  D. Nielsen,et al.  Engineering microbial chemical factories to produce renewable “biomonomers” , 2012, Front. Microbio..

[15]  S. Pack,et al.  Buffer-free production of gamma-aminobutyric acid using an engineered glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. , 2013, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[16]  C. Wittmann,et al.  Systems metabolic engineering of xylose-utilizing Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of 1,5-diaminopentane. , 2013, Biotechnology journal.

[17]  J. Joo,et al.  Thermostabilization of Candida antarctica lipase B by double immobilization: Adsorption on a macroporous polyacrylate carrier and R1 silaffin-mediated biosilicification , 2013 .

[18]  S. Lee,et al.  Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of 5-aminovalerate and glutarate as C5 platform chemicals. , 2013, Metabolic engineering.

[19]  P. Arruda,et al.  Genome-wide analysis of lysine catabolism in bacteria reveals new connections with osmotic stress resistance , 2013, The ISME Journal.

[20]  A. Kondo,et al.  Direct cadaverine production from cellobiose using β-glucosidase displaying Escherichia coli , 2013, AMB Express.

[21]  C. Wittmann,et al.  From zero to hero - production of bio-based nylon from renewable resources using engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. , 2014, Metabolic engineering.

[22]  S. Papanikolaou,et al.  Valorization of Industrial Waste and By-Product Streams via Fermentation for the Production of Chemicals and Biopolymers , 2014 .

[23]  Hong Zhang,et al.  Enhanced cadaverine production from l-lysine using recombinant Escherichia coli co-overexpressing CadA and CadB , 2014, Biotechnology Letters.

[24]  J. Joo,et al.  Thermostabilization of glutamate decarboxylase B from Escherichia coli by structure-guided design of its pH-responsive N-terminal interdomain. , 2014, Journal of biotechnology.

[25]  S. Mitsuhashi.  Current topics in the biotechnological production of essential amino acids, functional amino acids, and dipeptides. , 2014, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[26]  Sang Yup Lee,et al.  Recent advances in microbial production of fuels and chemicals using tools and strategies of systems metabolic engineering. , 2015, Biotechnology advances.

[27]  Hee-Ju Nah,et al.  Precise cloning and tandem integration of large polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster using Streptomyces artificial chromosome system , 2015, Microbial Cell Factories.

[28]  S. Hong,et al.  Recent advances in development of biomass pretreatment technologies used in biorefinery for the production of bio-based fuels, chemicals and polymers , 2015, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering.

[29]  S. Bhatia,et al.  Optimization of Direct Lysine Decarboxylase Biotransformation for Cadaverine Production with Whole-Cell Biocatalysts at High Lysine Concentration. , 2015, Journal of microbiology and biotechnology.

[30]  D. Maresch,et al.  Development of a fed-batch process for a recombinant Pichia pastoris Δoch1 strain expressing a plant peroxidase , 2015, Microbial Cell Factories.

[31]  J. Joo,et al.  Development of engineered Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalysts for high-level conversion of l-lysine into cadaverine , 2015, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology.

[32]  Yan Li,et al.  Engineering a pyridoxal 5’-phosphate supply for cadaverine production by using Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalysis , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[33]  Seung Hwan Lee,et al.  Enhanced production of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) in recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum by expressing glutamate decarboxylase active in expanded pH range , 2015, Microbial Cell Factories.

[34]  H. Noorman,et al.  Metabolic Engineering toward Sustainable Production of Nylon-6. , 2016, ACS synthetic biology.

[35]  Yong Hwan Kim,et al.  Alkaliphilic lysine decarboxylases for effective synthesis of cadaverine from L-lysine , 2016, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering.

[36]  Jae Sung Cho,et al.  Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for enhanced production of 5-aminovaleric acid , 2016, Microbial Cell Factories.

[37]  Y. Jang,et al.  Production of succinic acid by metabolically engineered microorganisms. , 2016, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[38]  R. Mahadevan,et al.  Alkene hydrogenation activity of enoate reductases for an environmentally benign biosynthesis of adipic acid , 2016, Chemical science.