Evidence-based review of the literature on intrathecal delivery of pain medication.

[1]  T. Strang,et al.  A Comparison of Tracheal Tube Tip Designs on the Passage of an Endotracheal Tube during Oral Fiberoptic Intubation , 2001, Anesthesiology.

[2]  C. Kainz,et al.  Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of intrathecal clonidine as the sole analgesic agent during first stage of labor: a dose-response study. , 1999, Anesthesiology.

[3]  T. Yaksh,et al.  Long‐term spinal analgesic delivery: A review of the preclinical and clinical literature , 2000, Regional anesthesia and pain medicine.

[4]  S. Abram,et al.  Intrathecal baclofen is analgesic in patients with chronic pain. , 2000, Anesthesiology.

[5]  R. Penn,et al.  Adverse effects associated with the intrathecal administration of ziconotide , 2000, Pain.

[6]  M. Wallace,et al.  Ziconotide for the treatment of severe spasticity after spinal cord injury , 2000, Pain.

[7]  C. Kainz,et al.  Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of intrathecal clonidine as the sole analgesic agent during first stage of labor: a dose-response study. , 1999, Anesthesiology.

[8]  D. König,et al.  Postoperative analgesia with no motor block by continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil after total hip replacement. , 1999, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[9]  G. Lauretti,et al.  Study of three different doses of epidural neostigmine coadministered with lidocaine for postoperative analgesia. , 1999, Anesthesiology.

[10]  A. Burton,et al.  Preemptive intrathecal ketamine injection produces a long-lasting decrease in neuropathic pain behaviors in a rat model. , 1999, Regional anesthesia and pain medicine.

[11]  M. Kock,et al.  Epidural clonidine or bupivacaine as the sole analgesic agent during and after abdominal surgery: a comparative study. , 1999, Anesthesiology.

[12]  S. Sia,et al.  Clonidine administered as an axillary block does not affect postoperative pain when given as the sole analgesic. , 1999, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[13]  C. Inturrisi,et al.  d-Methadone blocks morphine tolerance and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced hyperalgesia. , 1999, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[14]  S. Erdine,et al.  Neurotoxicity of midazolam in the rabbit , 1999, Pain.

[15]  L. Arendt-Nielsen,et al.  Block of pinprick and cold sensation poorly correlate with relief of postoperative pain during epidural analgesia. , 1999, The Clinical journal of pain.

[16]  A. Dickenson,et al.  The effectiveness of spinal and systemic morphine on rat dorsal horn neuronal responses in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain , 1999, Pain.

[17]  K J Burchiel,et al.  A prospective study of long-term intrathecal morphine in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. , 1999, Neurosurgery.

[18]  S. Mercadante.  Neuraxial techniques for cancer pain: an opinion about unresolved therapeutic dilemmas. , 1999, Regional anesthesia and pain medicine.

[19]  D. Fitzgibbon,et al.  The control of severe cancer pain by continuous intrathecal infusion and patient controlled intrathecal analgesia with morphine, bupivacaine and clonidine , 1998, Pain.

[20]  E. Liu,et al.  Side‐effects of epidural infusions of opioid bupivacaine mixtures , 1998, Anaesthesia.

[21]  S. Datta,et al.  Clonidine Added to Bupivacaine‐Epinephrine‐Sufentanil Improves Epidural Analgesia During Childbirth , 1998, Regional anesthesia and pain medicine.

[22]  J. Eisenach,et al.  A Multi‐center Study of Intrathecal Neostigmine for Analgesia following Vaginal Hysterectomy , 1998, Anesthesiology.

[23]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Intrathecal clonidine alleviates allodynia in neuropathic rats: interaction with spinal muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. , 1998, Anesthesiology.

[24]  T. A. Bowdle,et al.  Adverse effects of opioid agonists and agonist-antagonists in anaesthesia. , 1998, Drug safety.

[25]  C. Olofsson,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and clinical effect during continuous epidural infusion with ropivacaine 2.5 mg/ml or bupivacaine 2.5 mg/ml for labour pain relief , 1998, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[26]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Intrathecal, but Not Intravenous, Clonidine Reduces Experimental Thermal or Capsaicin-Induced Pain and Hyperalgesia in Normal Volunteers , 1998, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[27]  S. Waldman.  Interventional Pain Management , 1998 .

[28]  J. Tiihonen,et al.  Fentanyl decreases β‐CIT binding to the dopamine transporter , 1998, Synapse.

[29]  J. Tonn,et al.  Distribution, tolerability and tissue compatibility of intrathecal tizanidine in the sheep , 1998, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[30]  Ji-Su Kim,et al.  The Efficacy of Intrathecal Neostigmine, Intrathecal Morphine, and Their Combination for Post-Cesarean Section Analgesia , 1998 .

[31]  A. Forster,et al.  Comparison of clonidine, morphine or placebo mixed with bupivacaine during continuous spinal anaesthesia , 1998, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[32]  D. Pawlik,et al.  Stability of local anesthetics in heparinized blood, plasma and sulfuric acid , 1998, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[33]  R. Gaiser,et al.  Comparative Evaluation of Four Different Infusion Rates of Ropivacaine (2 mg/mL) for Epidural Labor Analgesia , 1998, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[34]  N. Wd.  Epidural pethidine: pharmacology and clinical experience. , 1998 .

[35]  I. Krämer,et al.  Physico-chemical stability of infusion solutions for epidural administration containing fentanyl and bupivacaine or lidocaine. , 1998, Die Pharmazie.

[36]  T. Cook,et al.  Diamorphine and bupivacaine mixtures: an in vitro study of microbiological safety , 1998, Pain.

[37]  W. N. Kee.  Intrathecal Pethidine: Pharmacology and Clinical Applications , 1998 .

[38]  I. Curelaru,et al.  Efficacy and technical complications of long-term continuous intraspinal infusions of opioid and/or bupivacaine in refractory nonmalignant pain: a comparison between the epidural and the intrathecal approach with externalized or implanted catheters and infusion pumps. , 1998, The Clinical journal of pain.

[39]  J. Devulder.  Subcutaneous morphine is superior to intrathecal morphine for pain control in a patient with hypernephroma. , 1998, Journal of clinical anesthesia.

[40]  I. Curelaru,et al.  Continuous infusion of opioid and bupivacaine by externalized intrathecal catheters in long-term treatment of "refractory" nonmalignant pain. , 1998, The Clinical journal of pain.

[41]  G. Benedek,et al.  Antinociceptive Effect of the S(+)-Enantiomer of Ketamine on Carrageenan Hyperalgesia after Intrathecal Administration in Rats , 1998, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[42]  K. Omote,et al.  [Suppressive effects of ketamine on neuropathic pain]. , 1998, Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology.

[43]  R. Cork,et al.  The Dose‐Response Relation of Intrathecal Fentanyl for Labor Analgesia , 1998, Anesthesiology.

[44]  S. Dunbar,et al.  Repetitive opioid abstinence causes progressive hyperalgesia sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade in the rat. , 1998, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[45]  S. Morita,et al.  The NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine abolishes neuropathic pain after epidural administration in a clinical case , 1998, Pain.

[46]  R. Moore,et al.  Systematic review of factors affecting the ratios of morphine and its major metabolites , 1998, Pain.

[47]  T. Brennan,et al.  Lack of Effect of Intrathecally Administered N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate Receptor Antagonists in a Rat Model for Postoperative Pain , 1998, Anesthesiology.

[48]  D. Scott,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Long-Term Epidural Ropivacaine Infusion for Postoperative Analgesia , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[49]  R. Tallarida,et al.  Efficient designs for studying synergistic drug combinations. , 1997, Life sciences.

[50]  B. Gutsche,et al.  Comparison of 0.25% ropivacaine and bupivacaine for epidural analgesia for labor and vaginal delivery. , 1997, Journal of clinical anesthesia.

[51]  T. Duc,et al.  Continuous Intrathecal Meperidine via an Implantable Infusion Pump for Chronic, Nonmalignant Pain , 1997, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[52]  N. Shimoyama,et al.  d-Methadone is antinociceptive in the rat formalin test. , 1997, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[53]  W. Olson,et al.  Hemodynamic effects of epidural ketamine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. , 1997, Veterinary surgery : VS.

[54]  E. Masliah,et al.  Subpial vacuolar myelopathy after intrathecal ketamine: report of a case , 1997, Pain.

[55]  M. P. Prieto-Alvarez,et al.  [Comparative study of postoperative analgesia with methadone and fentanyl in continuous peridural perfusion]. , 1997, Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion.

[56]  M. D. De Kock,et al.  Intrathecal Clonidine Combined with Sufentanil for Labor Analgesia , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[57]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Effects of Intrathecal Neostigmine, Bupivacaine, and Their Combination on Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Rats , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[58]  D. Benhamou,et al.  The Effect of Adding a Minidose of Clonidine to Intrathecal Sufentanil for Labor Analgesia , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[59]  R. Luther,et al.  Use of intrathecal SNX-111, a novel, N-type, voltage-sensitive, calcium channel blocker, in the management of intractable brachial plexus avulsion pain. , 1997, The Clinical journal of pain.

[60]  J. Lange,et al.  Neurohistopathological findings after continuous intrathecal administration of morphine or a morphine/ bupivacaine mixture in cancer pain patients , 1997, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[61]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Studies on the Safety of Glucose and Paraben-Containing Neostigmine for Intrathecal Administration , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[62]  K. Omote,et al.  Antinociceptive Interaction of Intrathecal α2‐adrenergic Agonists, Tizanidine and Clonidine, with Lidocaine in Rats , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[63]  G. Brodner,et al.  The Effects of Adding Sufentanil to Bupivacaine for Postoperative Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[64]  S. Dohi,et al.  Spinal Conduction Block by Intrathecal Ketamine in Dogs , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[65]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Intrathecal α2‐Adrenergic Agonists Stimulate Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine Release from the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn in Sheep: An In Vivo Microdialysis Study , 1997 .

[66]  G. Lauretti,et al.  Postoperative Analgesia and Antiemetic Efficacy After Intrathecal Neostigmine in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Hysterectomy During Spinal Anesthesia , 1997, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[67]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Intrathecal neostigmine for post-cesarean section analgesia: dose response. , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[68]  I. Cederholm.  Preliminary Risk-Benefit Analysis of Ropivacaine in Labour and Following Surgery , 1997, Drug safety.

[69]  T. Yaksh,et al.  Spinal infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK801 induces hypersensitivity to the spinal alpha-2 agonist ST91 in the rat. , 1997, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[70]  S. Ramanathan,et al.  Labour analgesia with intrathecal fentanyl decreases maternal stress , 1997, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[71]  J. Willer,et al.  Effects of intrathecal or intracerebroventricular administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on a C-fiber reflex in rats. , 1997, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[72]  J. Martínez-Lage,et al.  [Postoperative analgesia with epidural methadone in patients operated for hernia of the lumbar disc]. , 1997, Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion.

[73]  F. Fugère,et al.  Bupivacaine decreases epidural meperidine requirements after abdominal surgery , 1997, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[74]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Analgesic Doses of Intrathecal but Not Intravenous Clonidine Increase Acetylcholine in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Humans , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[75]  A. Gorman,et al.  The d- and l- isomers of methadone bind to the non-competitive site on the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in rat forebrain and spinal cord , 1997, Neuroscience Letters.

[76]  A. Malmberg,et al.  Efficacy of spinal NMDA receptor antagonism in formalin hyperalgesia and nerve injury evoked allodynia in the rat. , 1997, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[77]  T. Cook,et al.  Epidural analgesia following upper abdominal surgery: United Kingdom practice , 1997, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[78]  A. Vainio,et al.  Long‐term intrathecal infusion of morphine in the home care of patients with advanced cancer , 1997, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[79]  H. Vaghadia,et al.  Small-Dose Hypobaric Lidocaine-Fentanyl Spinal Anesthesia for Short Duration Outpatient Laparoscopy. II. Optimal Fentanyl Dose , 1997, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[80]  B. Crul,et al.  Neurological impairment during long-term intrathecal infusion of bupivacaine in cancer patients: a sign of spinal cord compression , 1997, Pain.

[81]  A. Aldrete.  Extended Epidural Catheter Infusions With Analgesics for Patients With Noncancer Pain at Their Homes , 1997, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[82]  N. Rawal,et al.  Epidural and intrathecal opioids for postoperative pain management in Europe — a 17‐nation questionnaire study of selected hospitals , 1996, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[83]  S. Lipton,et al.  NMDA receptors: from genes to channels. , 1996, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[84]  P. Loubser,et al.  Effects of intrathecal baclofen on chronic spinal cord injury pain. , 1996, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[85]  C. Inturrisi,et al.  Cerebrospinal fluid distribution of opioids after intraventricular & lumbar subarachnoid administration in sheep. , 1996, Life sciences.

[86]  H. Gould,et al.  Intrathecal morphine pump as a treatment option in chronic pain of nonmalignant origin. , 1996, Surgical neurology.

[87]  W. Winkelmüller,et al.  Long-term effects of continuous intrathecal opioid treatment in chronic pain of nonmalignant etiology. , 1996, Journal of neurosurgery.

[88]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Interaction between Intrathecal Neostigmine and Epidural Clonidine in Human Volunteers , 1996, Anesthesiology.

[89]  R. Etches,et al.  Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia After Thoracotomy: A Comparison of Meperidine With and Without Bupivacaine , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[90]  G. Lauretti,et al.  Dose-Response Study of Intrathecal Morphine Versus Intrathecal Neostigmine, Their Combination, or Placebo for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Anterior and Posterior Vaginoplasty , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[91]  S. Sakura,et al.  Intrathecal hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine as a possible cause of transient neurologic toxicity. , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[92]  T. Yaksh,et al.  Concurrent Spinal Infusion of MK801 Blocks Spinal Tolerance and Dependence Induced by Chronic Intrathecal Morphine in the Rat , 1996, Anesthesiology.

[93]  H. Kehlet,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and Analgesic Effect of Ropivacaine during Continuous Epidural Infusion for Postoperative Pain Relief , 1996, Anesthesiology.

[94]  S. Ho,et al.  Intrathecal ketamine reduces morphine requirements in patients with terminal cancer pain , 1996, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[95]  H. Unruh,et al.  Epinephrine Decreases Postoperative Requirements for Continuous Thoracic Epidural Fentanyl Infusions , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[96]  D. Doleys,et al.  Intrathecal Infusion Systems for Treatment of Chronic Low Back and Leg Pain of Noncancer Origin , 1996, Southern medical journal.

[97]  D. De Wolf,et al.  Anticholinergic treatment for choreoathetosis in a child after induction with propofol. , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[98]  J. Grass,et al.  A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Epidural and Intravenous Sufentanil After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy , 1996, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[99]  S. Butler,et al.  Rebound hypertension and withdrawal associated with discontinuation of an infusion of epidural clonidine. , 1996, Anesthesiology.

[100]  R. Penn,et al.  Intrathecal Clonidine and Tizanidine in Conscious Dogs: Comparison of Analgesic and Hemodynamic Effects , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[101]  R. Penn,et al.  Intraspinal morphine for chronic pain: a retrospective, multicenter study. , 1996, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[102]  S. Ho,et al.  Ketamine Potentiates Analgesic Effect of Morphine in Postoperative Epidural Pain Control , 1996, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[103]  C. Johnson,et al.  Stability of bupivacaine hydrochloride and hydromorphone hydrochloride during simulated epidural coadministration. , 1996, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy.

[104]  T. Sakuragi,et al.  Bactericidal Activity of Clinically Used Local Anesthetics on Staphylococcus aureus , 1995, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[105]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Intrathecal Amitriptyline Acts as an N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate Receptor Antagonist in the Presence of Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in Rats , 1995, Anesthesiology.

[106]  Harbhej Singh,et al.  Intrathecal fentanyl prolongs sensory bupivacaine spinal block , 1995, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[107]  S. Hassenbusch,et al.  Long-term intraspinal infusions of opioids in the treatment of neuropathic pain. , 1995, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[108]  K. Foley,et al.  Opioid pharmacotherapy in the management of cancer pain. A survey of strategies used by pain physicians for the selection of analgesic drugs and routes of administration , 1995, Cancer.

[109]  L. Ty,et al.  The effect of intrathecal bupivacaine with combined fentanyl in cesarean section. , 1995 .

[110]  D. Davies,et al.  Randomised comparison of combined spinal-epidural and standard epidural analgesia in labour , 1995, The Lancet.

[111]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Epidural clonidine analgesia for intractable cancer pain , 1995, Pain.

[112]  M. Kock,et al.  Interactions between the lipophilic opioid sufentanil and clonidine in rats after spinal application , 1995, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[113]  W. Becker,et al.  Long Term Treatment of Intractable Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy With Intrathecal Morphine , 1995, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

[114]  J. Leiphart,et al.  A comparison of intrathecally administered narcotic and nonnarcotic analgesics for experimental chronic neuropathic pain. , 1995, Journal of neurosurgery.

[115]  P. Krogsgaard‐Larsen,et al.  Ketobemidone, methadone and pethidine are non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in the rat cortex and spinal cord , 1995, Neuroscience Letters.

[116]  I. Curelaru,et al.  Complications of Intrathecal Opioids and Bupivacaine in the Treatment of “Refractory” Cancer Pain , 1995, The Clinical journal of pain.

[117]  R. Carpenter,et al.  Epidural and Intravenous Fentanyl Produce Equivalent Effects during Major Surgery , 1995, Anesthesiology.

[118]  M. Zimpfer,et al.  Hemodynamic and Analgesic Effects of Clonidine Added Repetitively to Continuous Epidural and Spinal Blocks , 1995, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[119]  T. Hedner,et al.  Outcomes of epidural morphine treatment in cancer pain: nine years of clinical experience. , 1995, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[120]  J. Westman,et al.  Chronic Subarachnoid Midazolam (Dormicum) in the Rat: Morphologic Evidence of Spinal Cord Neurotoxicity , 1995, Regional anesthesia and pain medicine.

[121]  A. Malmberg,et al.  Effect of continuous intrathecal infusion of ω-conopeptides, N-type calcium-channel blockers, on behavior and antinociception in the formalin and hot-plate tests in rats , 1995, Pain.

[122]  C. Palmer,et al.  Subarachnoid Fentanyl Augments Lidocaine Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery , 1994, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[123]  M. Grafe,et al.  Spinal Delivery of Sufentanil, Alfentanil, and Morphine in Dogs: Physiologic and Toxicologic Investigations , 1994, Anesthesiology.

[124]  M. Grafe,et al.  Pharmacology and Toxicology of Chronically Infused Epidural Clonidine · HCl in Dogs , 1994 .

[125]  R. Miguel,et al.  A Prospective, Randomized, Double‐blind Comparison of Epidural and Intravenous Sufentanil Infusions , 1994, Anesthesiology.

[126]  C. Wilder-Smith,et al.  Epidural droperidol reduces the side effects and duration of analgesia of epidural sufentanil. , 1994, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[127]  F. Chambers,et al.  Intrathecal morphine in the treatment of chronic intractable pain , 1994, Irish journal of medical science.

[128]  H. Carp,et al.  Intrathecal cholinergic agonists lessen bupivacaine spinal-block-induced hypotension in rats. , 1994, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[129]  H. Wulf,et al.  The stability of mixtures of morphine hydrochloride, bupivacaine hydrochloride, and clonidine hydrochloride in portable pump reservoirs for the management of chronic pain syndromes. , 1994, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.

[130]  H. Frizelle,et al.  Intrathecal narcotics in cancer pain - a case report , 1994, Irish journal of medical science.

[131]  T. Yaksh,et al.  Role of voltage-dependent calcium channel subtypes in experimental tactile allodynia. , 1994, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[132]  S. Cohen,et al.  Spinal anesthesia with meperidine: will epinephrine prolong its duration? , 1994, AANA journal.

[133]  E. Eisenberg,et al.  The effects of the clinically tested NMDA receptor antagonist memantine on carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in rats. , 1994, European journal of pharmacology.

[134]  A. Bollen,et al.  Persistent Sacral Sensory Deficit Induced by Intrathecal Local Anesthetic Infusion in the Rat , 1994, Anesthesiology.

[135]  L. Arendt-Nielsen,et al.  Quantitative sensory examination of epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in man; dose-response effect of bupivacaine , 1994, Pain.

[136]  I. Curelaru,et al.  Long‐term Intrathecal Morphine and Bupivacaine in Patients with Refractory Cancer Pain Results from a Morphine, Bupivacaine Dose Regimen of 0.5:4.75 mg/ml , 1994, Anesthesiology.

[137]  G. Rolly,et al.  Spinal analgesia in terminal care: risk versus benefit. , 1994, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[138]  M. Misawa,et al.  Streptozotocin-induced diabetes selectively reduces antinociception mediated by μ 1-opioid receptors, but not that mediated by μ 2-opioid receptors , 1994, Neuroscience Letters.

[139]  J. Eisenach,et al.  Epidural Clonidine Treatment for Refractory Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy , 1993, Anesthesiology.

[140]  G. Fanciullo,et al.  Regression of sensory anesthesia during continuous epidural infusions of bupivacaine and opioid for total knee replacement. , 1993, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[141]  R. Karlsten,et al.  Intrathecal injection of lysine acetylsalicylic acid in the rat: a neurotoxicological study , 1993, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[142]  M. Giner,et al.  Chronic pain in the spinal cord injured: statistical approach and pharmacological treatment , 1993, Paraplegia.

[143]  R. Lanning,et al.  Intrathecal infusional analgesia for nonmalignant pain: analgesic efficacy of intrathecal opioid with or without bupivacaine. , 1993, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[144]  J. Whitwam,et al.  Specific Enhancement by Fentanyl of the Effects of Intrathecal Bupivacaine on Nociceptive Afferent But Not on Sympathetic Efferent Pathways in Dogs , 1993, Anesthesiology.

[145]  B. Crul,et al.  Long-term intrathecal infusion of morphine and morphine/bupivacaine mixtures in the treatment of cancer pain: A retrospective analysis of 51 cases , 1993, Pain.

[146]  M. D. De Kock,et al.  Intravenous or Epidural Clonidine for Intra- and Postoperative Analgesia , 1993, Anesthesiology.

[147]  A. Malmberg,et al.  Pharmacology of the Spinal Action of Ketorolac, Morphine, ST-91, U50488H, and L-PIA on the Formalin Test and an Isobolographic Analysis of the NSAID Interaction , 1993, Anesthesiology.

[148]  J. Eisenach.  Aspirin, the miracle drug: spinally, too? , 1993, Anesthesiology.

[149]  M. D. De Kock,et al.  Clonidine Pretreatment Reduces the Systemic Toxicity of Intravenous Bupivacaine in Rats , 1993, Anesthesiology.

[150]  T. Gordh,et al.  Spinal cord blood flow after intrathecal injection of a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist or an adenosine receptor agonist in rats. , 1993, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[151]  D. Dutton,et al.  Comparison of epidural methadone with epidural diamorphine for analgesia following caesarean section , 1993 .

[152]  J. Antognini.  Intrathecal Acetylsalicylic Acid and Indomethacin Are Not Analgesic for a Supramaximal Stimulus , 1993, Anesthesia and Analgesia.

[153]  G. Bennett,et al.  Dextrorphan relieves neuropathic heat-evoked hyperalgesia in the rat , 1993, Neuroscience Letters.

[154]  D. Price,et al.  Intrathecal treatment with dextrorphan or ketamine potently reduces pain-related behaviors in a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy , 1993, Brain Research.

[155]  J. Mussini,et al.  Is Ketamine or Its Preservative Responsible for Neurotoxicity in the Rabbit? , 1993, Anesthesiology.

[156]  T. Yaksh,et al.  Interaction of intrathecal morphine with bupivacaine and lidocaine in the rat. , 1992, Anesthesiology.

[157]  B. Veering,et al.  The Effect of Age on the Systemic Absorption, Disposition and Pharmacodynamics of Bupivacaine After Epidural Administration , 1992, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[158]  I. Curelaru,et al.  Bacteriology, Drug Stability and Exchange of Percutaneous Delivery Systems and Antibacterial Filters in Long‐Term Intrathecal Infusion of Opioid Drugs and Bupivacaine in “Refractory” Pain , 1992, The Clinical journal of pain.

[159]  S. D'Luzansky,et al.  Intrathecal baclofen suppresses central pain in patients with spinal lesions. A pilot study. , 1992, The Clinical journal of pain.

[160]  T. Gordh,et al.  The NMDA-receptor antagonist CPP abolishes neurogenic ‘wind-up pain’ after intrathecal administration in humans , 1992, Pain.

[161]  S. Warach,et al.  Open-channel block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses by memantine: therapeutic advantage against NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[162]  H. Kehlet,et al.  Epidural clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia from a combined low-dose epidural bupivacaine and morphine regimen. , 1992, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[163]  C. Bernards,et al.  Physical and chemical properties of drug molecules governing their diffusion through the spinal meninges. , 1992, Anesthesiology.

[164]  T. Yamamoto,et al.  Comparison of the antinociceptive effects of pre- and posttreatment with intrathecal morphine and MK801, an NMDA antagonist, on the formalin test in the rat. , 1992, Anesthesiology.

[165]  A. Malmberg,et al.  Antinociceptive actions of spinal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the formalin test in the rat. , 1992, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[166]  J. Schramm,et al.  Dose changes in long- and medium-term intrathecal morphine therapy of cancer pain. , 1992, Neurosurgery.

[167]  Jin Mo Chung,et al.  An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat , 1992, PAIN.

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