Strategic Renewal of Organizations

Strategic renewal, although critical for the sustained success of organizations, has received relatively little attention as distinct from the more general phenomenon of strategic change. Like all strategic issues, strategic renewal presents both opportunities and challenges for organizations. In this article, we first define the term “strategic renewal” and elaborate on important characteristics of this phenomenon. We also bring to bear evidence that suggests that strategic renewal has a critical impact not only on individual firms and industries but also on entire economies. We then provide an in-depth example of a company that has successfully renewed itself more than once, namely, IBM. Finally, we examine several different avenues for strategic renewal, involving both content and process, and identify common themes among them.

[1]  Barry L. Bayus,et al.  The Market Evolution and Sales Takeoff of Product Innovations , 2002, Manag. Sci..

[2]  Jeffrey H. Dyer,et al.  How To Make Strategic Alliances Work , 2001 .

[3]  April M. Franco,et al.  Swift and Smart: The Moderating Effects of Technological Capabilities on the Market Pioneering-Firm Survival Relationship , 2009, Manag. Sci..

[4]  Ron Adner When Are Technologies Disruptive: A Demand-Based View of the Emergence of Competition , 2002 .

[5]  M. Diane Burton,et al.  Founding the Future: Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO , 2008, Organ. Sci..

[6]  J. Schumpeter The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle , 1934 .

[7]  A. Chandler,et al.  Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 , 1994 .

[8]  Peter J. Lane,et al.  Strategizing Throughout the Organization: Managing Role Conflict in Strategic Renewal , 2000 .

[9]  R. Nelson Why do firms differ, and how does it matter? , 1991 .

[10]  Constance E. Helfat,et al.  Corporate effects and dynamic managerial capabilities , 2003 .

[11]  Mary Tripsas UNRAVELING THE PROCESS OF CREATIVE DESTRUCTION: COMPLEMENTARY ASSETS AND INCUMBENT SURVIVAL IN THE TYPESETTER INDUSTRY: UNRAVELING THE PROCESS OF CREATIVE DESTRUCTION , 1997 .

[12]  James M. Utterback,et al.  Radical Innovation and Corporate Regeneration , 1994 .

[13]  Will Mitchell,et al.  Innovating Through Acquisition and Internal Development: A Quarter-Century of Boundary Evolution at Johnson & Johnson , 2004 .

[14]  April Franco,et al.  KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER THROUGH INHERITANCE: SPIN- OUT GENERATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND SURVIVAL , 2004 .

[15]  Steven Klepper,et al.  Entry by Spinoffs , 2005, Manag. Sci..

[16]  Howard Thomas,et al.  STRATEGIC RENEWAL AND THE INTERACTION OF CUMULATIVE STRESS AND INERTIA , 1992 .

[17]  Heather A. Haveman Follow the leader: Mimetic isomorphism and entry into new markets , 1993 .

[18]  Hart E. Posen,et al.  Firm R&D Behavior and Evolving Technology in Established Industries , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[19]  Constance E. Helfat,et al.  The birth of capabilities: market entry and the importance of pre-history , 2002 .

[20]  R. Katila New Product Search Over Time: Past Ideas in Their Prime? , 2002 .

[21]  Steven Klepper,et al.  The capabilities of new firms and the evolution of the US automobile industry , 2002 .

[22]  P. Romer Endogenous Technological Change , 1989, Journal of Political Economy.

[23]  Constance E. Helfat,et al.  Organizational Linkages for Surviving Technological Change: Complementary Assets, Middle Management, and Ambidexterity , 2008, Organ. Sci..

[24]  Rosemarie H. Ziedonis,et al.  Reputations for Toughness in Patent Enforcement: Implications for Knowledge Spillovers via Inventor Mobility , 2007 .

[25]  Raj Echambadi,et al.  Entry Timing and the Survival of Startup and Incumbent Firms in New Industries , 2008 .

[26]  Timothy F. Bresnahan,et al.  Building High-Tech Clusters: Silicon Valley and Beyond , 2010 .

[27]  D. Teece Knowledge and Competence as Strategic Assets , 2004 .

[28]  Clayton M. Christensen,et al.  Explaining the attacker's advantage: Technological paradigms, organizational dynamics, and the value network , 1995 .

[29]  Phanish Puranam,et al.  Integrating Acquired Capabilities: When Structural Integration is (Un)Necessary , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[30]  Clayton M. Christensen,et al.  Strategies for Survival in Fast-Changing Industries , 1998 .

[31]  Steven W. Usseiman IBM and its Imitators: Organizational Capabilities and the Emergence of the International Computer Industry , 1993 .

[32]  Sougata Ray,et al.  Third-World Copycats to Emerging Multinationals: Institutional Changes and Organizational Transformation in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[33]  W. Mitchell Dual clocks: Entry order influences on incumbent and newcomer market share and survival when specialized assets retain their value , 1991 .

[34]  Carlo Salvato,et al.  Capabilities Unveiled: The Role of Ordinary Activities in the Evolution of Product Development Processes , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[35]  Kim B. Clark,et al.  Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of , 1990 .

[36]  J. P. Eggers,et al.  Cognition and Renewal: Comparing CEO and Organizational Effects on Incumbent Adaptation to Technical Change , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[37]  Andrew Hess,et al.  Building Dynamic Capabilities: Innovation Driven by Individual-, Firm-, and Network-Level Effects , 2007, Organ. Sci..

[38]  Steven Klepper,et al.  Disagreements, Spinoffs, and the Evolution of Detroit as the Capital of the U.S. Automobile Industry , 2007, Manag. Sci..

[39]  Fiona Murray,et al.  Exploring the Foundations of Cumulative Innovation: Implications for Organization Science , 2007, Organ. Sci..

[40]  Constance E. Helfat,et al.  Product Sequencing: Co-Evolution of Knowledge, Capabilities and Products , 2000 .

[41]  Kevin Davis,et al.  Building High-Tech Clusters: Learning the Silicon Valley Way , 2004 .

[42]  Sinan Aral,et al.  I.T. Assets, Organizational Capabilities and Firm Performance: Do Resource Allocations and Organizational Differences Explain Performance Variation? , 2007 .

[43]  Barry L. Bayus,et al.  The Role of Pre-Entry Experience, Entry Timing and Product Technology Strategies in Explaining Firm Survival , 2007, Manag. Sci..

[44]  Stephen Baker,et al.  The Numerati , 2008 .

[45]  Anand Swaminathan,et al.  The Underemphasized Role of Established Firms as the Sources of Major Innovations , 1996 .

[46]  W. Mitchell,et al.  Path-dependent and path-breaking change: reconfiguring business resources following acquisitions in the U.S. medical sector, 1978–1995 , 2000 .

[47]  Joel A. C. Baum,et al.  Institutional Linkages and Organizational Mortality , 1991 .

[48]  Johannes M. Pennings,et al.  Innovation and Strategic Renewal in Mature Markets: A Study of the Tennis Racket Industry , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[49]  Protiti Dastidar,et al.  International corporate diversification and performance: Does firm self-selection matter? , 2009 .

[50]  M. Tushman,et al.  Ambidexterity as a Dynamic Capability: Resolving the Innovator's Dilemma , 2007 .

[51]  Will Mitchell,et al.  Selection Capability: How Capability Gaps and Internal Social Frictions Affect Internal and External Strategic Renewal , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[52]  R. Katila,et al.  Something Old, Something New: A Longitudinal Study of Search Behavior and New Product Introduction , 2002 .

[53]  M. Tushman,et al.  Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments , 1986 .

[54]  Steven Klepper,et al.  Dominance by birthright: entry of prior radio producers and competitive ramifications in the U. S. , 2000 .

[55]  James R. Spletzer The Contribution of Establishment Births and Deaths to Employment Growth , 2000 .

[56]  Gordon Walker,et al.  Incumbent and Entrant Rivalry in a Deregulated Industry , 2007, Organ. Sci..

[57]  Constance E. Helfat,et al.  Dynamic capabilities : understanding strategic change in organizations , 2007 .

[58]  D. Garvin,et al.  Meeting the challenge of corporate entrepreneurship. , 2006, Harvard business review.

[59]  Robert A. Burgelman Fading Memories: A Process Theory of Strategic Business Exit in Dynamic Environments , 1994 .

[60]  M. Tushman,et al.  Dynamic Capabilities at IBM: Driving Strategy into Action , 2007 .

[61]  Heinz Weihrich,et al.  The TOWS matrix—A tool for situational analysis , 1982 .

[62]  Mie Augier,et al.  Dynamic Capabilities and the Role of Managers in Business Strategy and Economic Performance , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[63]  M. Tushman,et al.  Ambidexterity as a Dynamic Capability: Resolving the Innovator's Dilemma , 2007 .

[64]  Mary Tripsas,et al.  Technology, Identity, and Inertia through the Lens of 'The Digital Photography Company' , 2008, Organ. Sci..

[65]  David Benson,et al.  Corporate Venture Capital as a Window on New Technologies: Implications for the Performance of Corporate Investors When Acquiring Startups , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[66]  W. Mitchell Whether and When? Probability and Timing of Incumbents' Entry into Emerging Industrial Subfields , 1989 .

[67]  Michael E. Porter,et al.  Matching Dell (A) , 1999 .

[68]  Phanish Puranam,et al.  Integrating Acquired Capabilities: When Structural Integration is (Un)Necessary , 2005 .

[69]  Glenn R. Carroll,et al.  The fates of De Novo and De Alio producers in the American Automobile Industry 1885–1981 , 2007 .

[70]  Tammy L. Madsen,et al.  RESOURCE STOCKS, INNOVATION & PERSISTENT HETEROGENEITY. , 2007 .

[71]  S. Winter,et al.  An evolutionary theory of economic change , 1983 .

[72]  Steven J. Davis,et al.  Gross Job Creation, Gross Job Destruction and Employment Reallocation , 1991 .

[73]  Karel Cool,et al.  Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage , 1989 .

[74]  G. Hendrikse Fundamental Issues in Strategy , 1995 .

[75]  Constance E. Helfat,et al.  Product Sequencing: Co-Evolution of Knowledge, Capabilities and Products. , 2000 .

[76]  Ranjay Gulati,et al.  Renewal Through Reorganization: The Value of Inconsistencies between Formal and Informal Organization , 2009, Organ. Sci..

[77]  M. Tushman,et al.  The ambidextrous organization. , 2004, Harvard business review.

[78]  D. Audretsch,et al.  THE PROCESS OF CREATIVE CONSTRUCTION : KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS , ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH * January 2008 , 2008 .

[79]  S. Winter,et al.  An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.by Richard R. Nelson; Sidney G. Winter , 1987 .

[80]  Mary Tripsas Customer preference discontinuities: a trigger for radical technological change , 2008 .

[81]  Scott F. Turner,et al.  Responding to Rivals and Complements: How Market Concentration Shapes Generational Product Innovation Strategy , 2010, Organ. Sci..

[82]  Constance E. Helfat Simple Indicators of Adaptation versus Rigidity in History-Dependent Firm Activities and Decision Rules , 1998 .

[83]  D. Schendel,et al.  Strategic responses to technological threats , 1976 .