Transport-theoretical analysis of relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Relativistic heavy-ion collisions at energies of the order of 1 GeV are analysed in terms of a covariant transport model that is based on nucleon and Delta -degrees of freedom and mesonic mean fields. The questions of possible classical meson-field radiation and of the thermal properties of the system during the collision are addressed. A detailed comparison with the experimental data obtained by the Plastic-Ball group at the BEVALAC shows that the combination of mean-field dynamics and two-body collisions is well suited for gaining an understanding of the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions. How far quantitative conclusions about the properties of nuclear matter at high densities and temperatures can be made and how future experiments can help to achieve this goal is also considered.

[1]  W. Cassing.  Dynamical aspects of intermediate-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions , 1988 .

[2]  G. Bertsch,et al.  Transverse momentum distributions in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions , 1987 .

[3]  W. Cassing,et al.  Transverse flow of fragments in the relativistic BUU model , 1990 .

[4]  H. Stöcker,et al.  TOWARDS A RELATIVISTIC SELFCONSISTENT QUANTUM TRANSPORT THEORY OF HADRONIC MATTER , 1987 .

[5]  Greiner,et al.  Time-dependent Dirac equation with relativistic mean-field dynamics applied to heavy-ion scattering. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[6]  Cheuk-Yin Wong,et al.  Dynamics of nuclear fluid. VIII. Time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation from a classical point of view , 1982 .

[7]  S. Gupta,et al.  Boltzmann equation for heavy ion collisions , 1984 .

[8]  Bouyssy,et al.  Relativistic description of nuclear systems in the Hartree-Fock approximation. , 1987, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[9]  D. Strottman,et al.  Relativistic hydrodynamics and heavy ion reactions , 1986 .

[10]  Joseph Cugnon,et al.  Equilibration in relativistic nuclear collisions. A Monte Carlo calculation , 1981 .

[11]  Serot,et al.  Global optical potentials for elastic p+ 40Ca scattering using the Dirac equation. , 1987, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[12]  K. Kampert.  Shock compression of hadronic matter in high-energy heavy-ion collisions , 1989 .

[13]  H. Spieler,et al.  The plastic ball spectrometer: An electronic 4τ detector with particle identification , 1982 .

[14]  K. Tittel,et al.  Charged-particle exclusive analysis of central Ar+KCl and Ar+Pb reactions at 1. 8 and 0. 8 GeV nucleon , 1983 .

[15]  Importance of momentum-dependent interactions for the extraction of the nuclear equation of state from high-energy heavy-ion collisions. , 1987 .

[16]  Joseph Cugnon,et al.  Pion production in central high energy nuclear collisions , 1982 .

[17]  Ko,et al.  Relativistic Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation for nucleus-nucleus collisions. , 1989, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[18]  M. Crouau,et al.  The Diogene 4 pi detector at Saturne. , 1987, Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment.

[19]  J. Walecka,et al.  The Relativistic Nuclear Many Body Problem , 1984 .

[20]  Michael C. Birse,et al.  Soliton models for nuclear physics , 1990 .

[21]  E. Henley,et al.  Classical many-body model for heavy-ion collisions incorporating the Pauli principle , 1977 .

[22]  C. Mahaux,et al.  Optical-model potential in a relativistic quantum field model , 1980 .

[23]  I. S. Schroeder.  Streamer chambers - their use for nuclear science experiments , 1979 .

[24]  H. Heckman.  STUDY OF CENTRAL COLLISIONS PRODUCED BY RELATIVISTIC HEAVY IONS IN NUCLEAR EMULSION , 1977 .

[25]  W. Myers,et al.  A model for high-energy heavy-ion collisions , 1978 .

[26]  K. Yoshizawa,et al.  Quartet states of non-Kekulé molecules 1,3,5-trimethylenebenzene and 1,3,5-triaminobenzene trication , 1993 .

[27]  Greiner,et al.  Quantum molecular dynamics approach to heavy ion collisions: Description of the model, comparison with fragmentation data, and the mechanism of fragment formation. , 1988, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[28]  N. M. Hugenholtz,et al.  A theorem on the single particle energy in a Fermi gas with interaction , 1958 .

[29]  G. Montarou,et al.  Nuclear collective flow and charged-pion emission in Ne-nucleus collisions at E/A = 800 MeV. , 1989, Physical review letters.

[30]  Malfliet,et al.  Pion production, pion absorption, and nucleon properties in dense nuclear matter: Relativistic Dirac-Brueckner approach at intermediate and high energies. , 1987, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[31]  R. Sextro,et al.  Search for fragment emission from nuclear shock waves , 1975 .

[32]  A. Poskanzer,et al.  Emission patterns in central and peripheral relativistic heavy-ion collisions , 1980 .

[33]  C. Mahaux,et al.  Single Particle Potential in a Relativistic {Hartree-Fock} Mean Field Approximation , 1981 .

[34]  G. Westfall,et al.  Calculations with the nuclear firestreak model. , 1978 .

[35]  R. Malfliet,et al.  A relativistic quantum kinetic equation for nucleus-nucleus collisions , 1988 .

[36]  de Jong F,et al.  Conserving relativistic many-body approach: Equation of state, spectral function, and occupation probabilities of nuclear matter. , 1991, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[37]  Y. Yariv,et al.  Intranuclear cascade calculation of high-energy heavy-ion interactions , 1979 .

[38]  W. Cassing,et al.  Analysis of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions within a relativistic transport model , 1991 .

[39]  R. Malfliet,et al.  QUANTUM TRANSPORT-THEORY OF NUCLEAR-MATTER , 1990 .

[40]  George F. Bertsch,et al.  A guide to microscopic models for intermediate energy heavy ion collisions , 1988 .

[41]  R. Donangelo,et al.  Causality and relativistic effects in intranuclear cascade calculations , 1984 .

[42]  L. Vinet,et al.  Semi-classical dynamics of heavy-ion reactions , 1987 .

[43]  D. Brink,et al.  Hartree-Fock Calculations with Skyrme's Interaction. I. Spherical Nuclei , 1972 .

[44]  A. Bodmer,et al.  Classical microscopic calculations of high-energy collisions of heavy ions , 1977 .

[45]  S. Schnetzer,et al.  Production of Pions and Light Fragments at Large Angles in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions , 1981 .

[46]  T. Skyrme.  The effective nuclear potential , 1958 .

[47]  C. Horowitz,et al.  Properties of nuclear and neutron matter in a relativistic Hartree-Fock theory , 1983 .

[48]  J. Aichelin,et al.  “Quantum” molecular dynamics—a dynamical microscopic n-body approach to investigate fragment formation and the nuclear equation of state in heavy ion collisions , 1991 .

[49]  H. Stöcker,et al.  High energy heavy ion collisions—probing the equation of state of highly excited hardronic matter , 1986 .

[50]  A. Poskanzer,et al.  Plastic Ball experiments , 1989 .

[51]  H. Stoecker,et al.  Mean field model for relativistic heavy ion collisions , 1987 .

[52]  V. Metag,et al.  Production of energetic particles in heavy ion collisions , 1990 .

[53]  Molitoris,et al.  Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck theory of medium energy heavy ion reactions: Role of mean field dynamics and two body collisions. , 1985, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[54]  Prakash,et al.  Collisional relaxation in simulations of heavy-ion collisions using Boltzmann-type equations. , 1989, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[55]  W. Cassing,et al.  The relativistic buu approach: Analysis of retardation effects and meson-field radiation☆ , 1990 .

[56]  C. Mahaux,et al.  Effective masses in relativistic approaches to the nucleon-nucleus mean field. , 1989, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[57]  J. Kapusta.  Mechanisms for deuteron production in relativistic nuclear collisions , 1980 .

[58]  Li,et al.  Relativistic Vlasov equation for heavy-ion collisions. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[59]  Y. Yariv,et al.  Intranuclear Cascade Calculation of High-energy Heavy Ion Collisions: Effect of Interactions Between Cascade Particles , 1981 .

[60]  T. Skyrme.  CVII. The nuclear surface , 1956 .

[61]  T. Ainsworth,et al.  Equation of State of Dense Nuclear Matter , 1987 .

[62]  R. Stock.  Particle Production in High-Energy Nucleus Nucleus Collisions , 1986 .

[63]  A. Poskanzer,et al.  Nuclear Fireball Model for proton inclusive spectra from relativistic heavy-ion collisions , 1976 .

[64]  Schmidt,et al.  Squeeze-out of nuclear matter as a function of projectile energy and mass. , 1990, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[65]  A. Poskanzer,et al.  Final State Interactions in the Production of Hydrogen and Helium Isotopes by Relativistic Heavy Ions on Uranium , 1976 .

[66]  Weber,et al.  Origin of transverse momentum in relativistic heavy-ion collisions: Microscopic study. , 1991, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[67]  G. Bertsch,et al.  PION COLLECTIVITY IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS , 1988 .

[68]  L. Nordheim,et al.  On the Kinetic Method in the New Statistics and Its Application in the Electron Theory of Conductivity , 1928 .

[69]  Greiner,et al.  Multifragmentation, fragment flow, and the nuclear equation of state. , 1989, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[70]  Pawel Danielewicz,et al.  Quantum theory of nonequilibrium processes, I , 1984 .

[71]  R. Brockmann.  Relativistic Hartree-Fock description of nuclei , 1978 .

[72]  Central collisions of relativistic heavy ions , 1977 .

[73]  Kruse,et al.  Microscopic theory of pion production and sidewards flow in heavy-ion collisions. , 1985, Physical review letters.

[74]  A. Faessler,et al.  Quantum molecular-dynamics approach to heavy-ion collisions with Brueckner G-matrix cross sections , 1989 .

[75]  S. J. Wang,et al.  Extended relativistic mean field theory and relativistic transport equations , 1989 .

[76]  Kuo,et al.  Azimuthal distributions in heavy ion collisions and the nuclear equation of state. , 1988, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[77]  C. Ko.  Relativistic Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model for high energy heavy ion collisions , 1989 .

[78]  G. Odyniec,et al.  Transverse momentum analysis of collective motion in relativistic nuclear collisions , 1985, 2109.05308.

[79]  Gale,et al.  Transverse momenta, nuclear equation of state, and momentum-dependent interactions in heavy-ion collisions. , 1990, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[80]  E. A. Uehling,et al.  Transport Phenomena in Einstein-Bose and Fermi-Dirac Gases. I , 1933 .

[81]  M. Gyulassy,et al.  High-energy nuclear collisions , 1982 .

[82]  Pandharipande,et al.  Accuracy of the Vlasov-Nordheim approximation in the classical limit. , 1990, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[83]  D. Greiner,et al.  Momentum distributions of isotopes produced by fragmentation of relativistic C-12 and O-16 projectiles , 1975 .

[84]  H. Steiner,et al.  Inclusive particle production at forward angles from collisions of light relativistic nuclei: Nuclear fragments , 1982 .

[85]  Bertsch,et al.  Heavy-ion collision theory with momentum-dependent interactions. , 1987, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[86]  A. Poskanzer,et al.  Flow of nuclear matter , 1986 .

[87]  M. Gyulassy,et al.  QUANTUM TRANSPORT THEORY FOR ABELIAN PLASMAS , 1987 .

[88]  M. Anastasio,et al.  RELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHYSICS , 1983 .

[89]  J. Cugnon.  Monte Carlo calculation of high-energy heavy-ion interactions , 1980 .

[90]  C. Mahaux,et al.  Dispersion relation approach to the mean field and spectral functions of nucleons in 40Ca , 1991 .

[91]  C. Ko,et al.  Mean-field effects and apparent temperatures of nucleons and antinucleons , 1991 .

[92]  J. Walecka.  A theory of highly condensed matter , 1974 .

[93]  Koch,et al.  Covariant Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck approach for heavy-ion collisions. , 1988, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[94]  K. Yazaki,et al.  On the coalescence model for high energy nuclear reactions , 1981 .

[95]  W. Cassing,et al.  Dynamical and thermal aspects of relativistic heavy-ion collisions , 1991 .

[96]  W. Cassing,et al.  A relativistic effective interaction for heavy-ion collisions , 1992 .

[97]  A. Bodmer,et al.  Relativistic Calculation of Nuclear Matter and the Nuclear Surface , 1977 .

[98]  Clark,et al.  Global Dirac optical potentials for elastic proton scattering from heavy nuclei. , 1990, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[99]  Alvin M. Saperstein,et al.  Optical-model partial-wave analyses of p-/sup 4/He elastic scattering , 1976 .

[100]  U. Mosel,et al.  ION-ION optical potentials in a relativistic model☆ , 1989 .

[101]  H. Duerr.  Relativistic Effects in Nuclear Forces , 1956 .

[102]  W. Cassing,et al.  Local thermodynamic properties and equilibration in relativistic heavy-ion collisions☆ , 1990 .

[103]  M. Cubero,et al.  The relativistic Vlasov equation with non-radiating meson fields , 1989 .

[104]  Greiner,et al.  Nuclear equation of state from the nonlinear relativistic mean field theory. , 1988, Physical review. C, Nuclear physics.

[105]  R. L. Mercer,et al.  Relativistic optical model analysis of medium energy p-/sup 4/He elastic scattering experiments , 1979 .