Induction of dendritic spines by an extracellular domain of AMPA receptor subunit GluR 2

along radii centred at fixation. Each frame was constructed from a new set of pairs. Initially, frames were refreshed at 50 Hz, later in the series of experiments at 12 Hz. In the rotations, we varied the separation between the elements of a pair (the Glass shift) initially over 18, 28, 48, 88, 168 and 328 of rotation; later we added 128 and 248. To correct for the unequal number of presentations, the probabilities in Fig. 1 were calculated as a fraction of the number of times that a shift was used. To stimulate MT cells adequately, we used larger dots than in the psychophysics; the range of shifts was selected such that human observers judged only the centre of the range to be moving. In the translations, the shift was 18, a value that led to a consistent motion percept in human observers. In the 'noise' condition, 100 random dots were randomly repositioned at 50 Hz or 12 Hz. In the clockwise and anticlockwise conditions, 100 random dots rotated coherently. The rotation speeds (angular velocity 2408 s 21) matched the perceived speed in the Glass patterns. In any experiment, the dot density, extent and luminance were the same for all patterns. To determine direction tuning, 100 random dots moved on a circular fronto-parallel pathway. This generated motion in all directions and a tuning curve could quickly be generated 11. Latency was defined as the first 40-ms bin in which an onset response significantly (P , 0.05) exceeded the rate in the 200 ms before stimulus onset. To determine the preferred direction (PD), we corrected for the latency, and determined the circular pathway response in 40-ms bins. The PD was defined as the centroid of this activity. The Rayleigh test 20 gave a measure of its significance. In the interaction paradigms, we combined the circular pathway with Glass patterns or real translations. We called the angle between the PD of the cell and the orientation of the Glass pattern (or the axis of motion for real translation) the conflict angle. Using the axis of motion allowed us to compare the effect of real motion with that of the directionally ambiguous Glass patterns. The change in PD due to the additional pattern was called the deflection. To determine the population deflection, we binned the deflections with respect to the conflict angle (bin width 208) and averaged over all cells. Its significance …

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