Analyzing End-to-End Energy Consumption for Digital Services

Here, we present results of work developed through a partnership between Guardian News and Media (GNM), a London-based content provider, and the University of Bristol that provide insight into the overall energy consumption for a digital service's end-to-end production and delivery. Specifically, we break down how the service's various technical subsystems-networks, third-party servers, end-user devices, and so forth-contribute to its total carbon footprint.