EFFECTS OF CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID ISOMERS ON SERUM TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR‐A CONCENTRATION IN MICE

In previously studies, we showed that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a), a cytokine involved in a variety of biologically important events, is partially involved in the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In this report, we further tested the effects of individual CLA isomers on serum TNF-a concentration along with other biological markers in mice. The animals were fed experimental diets (control, 0.5% CLA-mixed isomer, 0.25% cis-9, trans-11 CLA or 0.25% trans-10, cis-12 CLA) for 5 days and were then challenged with endotoxin. Both cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers reduced serum TNF-a levels compared to control. CLA had no effect on the other biological markers examined. These results suggest possible early involvement of CLA in immune and/or inflammatory responses, followed by reduction of body fat. Its effect on TNF-a helps explain in part how CLA modulates other biological functions such as immune response, insulin responses, atherosclerosis and cancer.

[1]  R. Ringseis,et al.  Conjugated linoleic acids have no effect on TNF alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression, U937 monocyte adhesion, and chemokine release in human aortic endothelial cells. , 2006, Atherosclerosis.

[2]  Haw‐Wen Chen,et al.  Contribution of conjugated linoleic acid to the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and transcription factor activation in stimulated mouse mesangial cells. , 2006, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[3]  R. Hopkins,et al.  Conjugated Linoleic Acid Promotes Human Adipocyte Insulin Resistance through NFκB-dependent Cytokine Production* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[4]  S. Basu,et al.  Conjugated linoleic acid increased C-reactive protein in human subjects , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[5]  H. Roche,et al.  Conjugated Linoleic Acid Suppresses NF-κB Activation and IL-12 Production in Dendritic Cells through ERK-Mediated IL-10 Induction1 , 2005, The Journal of Immunology.

[6]  D. Butz,et al.  10t,12c-conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase expression in vitro and in vivo Published, JLR Papers in Press, August 1, 2005. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M500064-JLR200 , 2005, Journal of Lipid Research.

[7]  J. Martin,et al.  A cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid-rich oil reduces the outcome of atherogenic process in hyperlipidemic hamster. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[8]  M. Gibney,et al.  The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers , 2005, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[9]  R. McCARTER,et al.  The combination of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and treadmill exercise lowers gain in body fat mass and enhances lean body mass in high fat-fed male Balb/C mice. , 2005, The Journal of nutrition.

[10]  M. Cook,et al.  Effects of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid and cognates on apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cells , 2005 .

[11]  S. Heys,et al.  Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers , 2005, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[12]  Qiao Shiyan,et al.  Conjugated linoleic acid attenuates the production and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in weaned pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide. , 2005, The Journal of nutrition.

[13]  M. Cook,et al.  Conjugated linoleic acid preserves gastrocnemius muscle mass in mice bearing the colon-26 adenocarcinoma. , 2005, Research in nursing & health.

[14]  M. Pariza,et al.  Influence of feeding soybean oil on conjugated linoleic acid content in beef. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[15]  H. Steinhart,et al.  Dietary conjugated linoleic acids lower the triacylglycerol concentration in the milk of lactating rats and impair the growth and increase the mortality of their suckling pups. , 2004, The Journal of nutrition.

[16]  K. Hensley,et al.  The arachidonic acid 5‐lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits tumor necrosis factor α activation of microglia and extends survival of G93A‐SOD1 transgenic mice , 2004, Journal of neurochemistry.

[17]  J. Bassaganya-Riera,et al.  Activation of PPAR γ and δ by conjugated linoleic acid mediates protection from experimental inflammatory bowel disease , 2004 .

[18]  S. Heys,et al.  Conjugated Linoleic Acid Inhibits Proliferation and Modulates Protein Kinase C Isoforms in Human Prostate Cancer Cells , 2004, Nutrition and cancer.

[19]  David Wang,et al.  Pharmacological modulation of TNF production in macrophages. , 2004, Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi.

[20]  C. Sérougne,et al.  Lipid atherogenic risk markers can be more favourably influenced by the cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate isomer than a conjugated linoleic acid mixture or fish oil in hamsters. , 2004, The British journal of nutrition.

[21]  D. Bauman,et al.  Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. , 2004, Journal of dairy science.

[22]  C. Ip,et al.  Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid differ in their effects on angiogenesis and survival of mouse mammary adipose vasculature. , 2004, The Journal of nutrition.

[23]  Haw‐Wen Chen,et al.  Contribution of conjugated linoleic acid to the suppression of inflammatory responses through the regulation of the NF-κB pathway , 2004 .

[24]  B. Corl,et al.  cis-9, trans-11 CLA derived endogenously from trans-11 18:1 reduces cancer risk in rats. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[25]  S. Basu,et al.  Adenoma growth stimulation by the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is associated with changes in mucosal NF-kappaB and cyclin D1 protein levels in the Min mouse. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[26]  Yeonhwa Park,et al.  Short-term intake of conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipoprotein lipase and glucose metabolism but does not enhance lipolysis in mouse adipose tissue. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[27]  M. Cook,et al.  Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Decreased Cachexia, Macrophage Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production, and Modifies Splenocyte Cytokines Production1 , 2003, Experimental biology and medicine.

[28]  C. Ip,et al.  Inhibition of angiogenesis by the cancer chemopreventive agent conjugated linoleic acid. , 2002, Cancer research.

[29]  S. O’Rahilly,et al.  Isomer-dependent metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid: insights from molecular markers sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and LXRalpha. , 2002, Diabetes.

[30]  C. Ip,et al.  Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers and Mammary Cancer Prevention , 2002, Nutrition and cancer.

[31]  M. Sugano,et al.  Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Fats and Cytokine Levels of Mice , 2002, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[32]  M. Pariza,et al.  Lipoxygenase inhibitors inhibit heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and enhance body fat reduction in mice by conjugated linoleic acid. , 2001, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[33]  M. Cook,et al.  The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. , 2001, Progress in lipid research.

[34]  X. Chen,et al.  Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), body fat, and apoptosis. , 2001, Obesity research.

[35]  K. Koba,et al.  Dietary Manipulations of Body Fat-reducing Potential of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Rats , 2001, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[36]  J. Ntambi,et al.  Inhibition of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid and its derivatives. , 2000, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[37]  Yeonhwa Park,et al.  Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice , 1999, Lipids.

[38]  M. Cook,et al.  Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid , 1999, Lipids.

[39]  Yeonhwa Park,et al.  Evidence that commercial calf and horse sera can contain substantial amounts of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid , 1998, Lipids.

[40]  A. Schaefer,et al.  Distributions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in tissue lipid classes of pigs fed a commercial CLA mixture determined by gas chromatography and silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography , 1998, Lipids.

[41]  Margaret S. Wu,et al.  Targeted Disruption of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene: Metabolic Consequences in Obese and Nonobese Mice , 1997, Diabetes.

[42]  M. Cook,et al.  Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice , 1997, Lipids.

[43]  M. Pariza,et al.  Conjugated linoleic acid (9,11- and 10,12-octadecadienoic acid) is produced in conventional but not germ-free rats fed linoleic acid. , 1994, The Journal of nutrition.

[44]  C. Miller,et al.  Immune modulation by altered nutrient metabolism: nutritional control of immune-induced growth depression. , 1993, Poultry science.

[45]  M. Pariza,et al.  Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. , 1987, Carcinogenesis.

[46]  S. B. Tove,et al.  Intermediates and products of the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid by Butyrinvibrio fibrisolvens. , 1966, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[47]  H. Hendriks,et al.  Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on immune function in healthy men , 2003, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[48]  M. Cook,et al.  Mechanisms of Action of Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Evidence and Speculation , 2000 .