Cardiovascular Imaging: The Past and the Future, Perspectives in Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

AbstractToday’s noninvasive imaging of the cardiovascular system has revolutionized the approach to various diseases and has substantially affected prognostic information. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomographic (CT) imaging are at center stage of these approaches, although 5 decades ago, these technologies were unheard of. Both modalities had their inception in the 1970s with a primary focus on noncardiovascular applications. The technical development of the various decades, however, substantially pushed the envelope for cardiovascular MR and CT applications. Within the past 10–15 years, MR and CT technologies have pushed each other in cardiac applications; and without the “rival” modality, neither one would likely not have reached its potential today. This view on the history of MR and CT in the field of cardiovascular applications provides insight into the story of success of applications that once have been ideas only but are at prime time today.

[1]  V. Faber,et al.  THE TOXICITY OF CADMIUM , 1964, Lancet.

[2]  L. P. Elliott,et al.  A roentgen classification of cardiac malpositions. , 1966, Investigative radiology.

[3]  M. Raphael,et al.  Flow patterns in the pulmonary veins of man studied by wedged pulmonary angiography. Preliminary report. , 1967, Investigative radiology.

[4]  R. Ledley,et al.  Computerized Transaxial X-ray Tomography of the Human Body , 1974, Science.

[5]  K. Lipscomb,et al.  Effects of coronary stenoses on coronary flow reserve and resistance. , 1974, The American journal of cardiology.

[6]  Y. Tateno,et al.  Proposed System for Ultrafast Computed Tomography , 1977, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[7]  J. H. Stanley,et al.  A Proposed Dynamic Cardiac 3-D Densitometer for Early Detection and Evaluation of Heart Disease , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[8]  B. Worthington,et al.  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Tomography of the Normal Heart , 1981, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[9]  F. Buonanno,et al.  Proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of regionally ischemic canine hearts: effect of paramagnetic proton signal enhancement. , 1982, Radiology.

[10]  F. Buonanno,et al.  Quantification of Experimental Myocardial Infarction Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Paramagnetic Ion Contrast Enhancement in ExcisedCanine Hearts , 1982, Circulation.

[11]  P. Lauterbur,et al.  Aspects of cardiac diagnosis using synchronized NMR imaging. , 1983, European journal of radiology.

[12]  R. Herfkens,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction in dogs: alterations in magnetic relaxation times. , 1983, The American journal of cardiology.

[13]  H. Hricak,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the cardiovascular system: normal and pathologic findings. , 1983, Radiology.

[14]  L. Kaufman,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the pericardium: normal and pathologic findings. , 1984, Radiology.

[15]  C. Higgins,et al.  Imaging and characterization of acute myocardial infarction in vivo by gated nuclear magnetic resonance. , 1984, Circulation.

[16]  R. Herfkens,et al.  Cardiac imaging using gated magnetic resonance. , 1984, Radiology.

[17]  R. Ehman,et al.  Effect of gadolinium-DTPA on the magnetic relaxation times of normal and infarcted myocardium. , 1984, Radiology.

[18]  R. Ehman,et al.  Acute myocardial ischemia: magnetic resonance contrast enhancement with gadolinium-DTPA. , 1984, Radiology.

[19]  L. Kaufman,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart: a review of the experience in 172 subjects. , 1985, Radiology.

[20]  C. Higgins,et al.  Detection and characterization of acute myocardial infarction in man with use of gated magnetic resonance. , 1985, Circulation.

[21]  C. Partain,et al.  Gated magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial ischemia in dogs: application of multiecho techniques and contrast enhancement with GD DTPA. , 1985, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[22]  L. D. Harris,et al.  Three-dimensional cardiac anatomy and function in heart disease in adults: initial results with the dynamic spatial reconstructor. , 1985, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[23]  W. Bradley,et al.  Blood flow: magnetic resonance imaging. , 1985, Radiology.

[24]  C. Higgins,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction using a nitroxyl spin label (PCA). , 1985, Investigative radiology.

[25]  J. Best,et al.  CHARACTERISATION OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION BY GATED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING , 1985, The Lancet.

[26]  J. Hale,et al.  MR imaging of the aorta with three-dimensional vessel reconstruction: validation by angiography. , 1985, Radiology.

[27]  C. Higgins,et al.  Measurement of ventricular volumes in the dog by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. , 1987, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[28]  C. Higgins,et al.  Cine MR imaging: potential for the evaluation of cardiovascular function. , 1987, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[29]  G. V. von Schulthess,et al.  MR imaging of the aortic root and proximal coronary arteries. , 1987, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[30]  C. Higgins,et al.  Coronary artery bypass graft patency: noninvasive evaluation with MR imaging. , 1987, Radiology.

[31]  M. Marcus,et al.  Use of ultrafast computed tomography to quantitate regional myocardial perfusion: a preliminary report. , 1987, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[32]  C. Higgins,et al.  Mitral or aortic regurgitation: quantification of regurgitant volumes with cine MR imaging. , 1988, Radiology.

[33]  C. Higgins,et al.  Quantification of regional myocardial function by rapid cine MR imaging. , 1988, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[34]  C. Higgins,et al.  Noninvasive evaluation of mitral regurgitation by analysis of left atrial signal loss in cine magnetic resonance. , 1989, American heart journal.

[35]  R. Detrano,et al.  Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. , 1990, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[36]  R. Edelman,et al.  First-pass cardiac perfusion: evaluation with ultrafast MR imaging. , 1990, Radiology.

[37]  W. Kalender,et al.  Spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique, continuous transport, and continuous scanner rotation. , 1990, Radiology.

[38]  C. Higgins,et al.  Interstudy reproducibility of dimensional and functional measurements between cine magnetic resonance studies in the morphologically abnormal left ventricle. , 1990, American heart journal.

[39]  R. Edelman,et al.  First-pass nuclear magnetic resonance imaging studies using gadolinium-DTPA in patients with coronary artery disease. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[40]  R. Edelman,et al.  Cineangiography of the heart in a single breath hold with a segmented turboFLASH sequence. , 1991, Radiology.

[41]  R. Edelman,et al.  Coronary arteries: breath-hold MR angiography. , 1991, Radiology.

[42]  T. Villafana Technologic advances in computed tomography. , 1991, Current opinion in radiology.

[43]  F. Prato,et al.  Quantification of myocardial blood flow and extracellular volumes using a bolus injection of Gd‐DTPA: Kinetic modeling in canine ischemic disease , 1992, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[44]  J. Debatin,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging--cardiac ejection fraction measurements. Phantom study comparing four different methods. , 1992, Investigative radiology.

[45]  J. Debatin,et al.  Cardiac ejection fraction: Phantom study comparing cine MR imaging, radionuclide blood pool imaging, and ventriculography , 1992, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[46]  M. Bell,et al.  Measurement of Myocardial Perfusion and Cardiac Output Using Intravenous Injection Methods by Ultrafast (Cine) Computed Tomography , 1992, Investigative radiology.

[47]  D. Saloner,et al.  Evaluation of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with gadolinium-enhanced snapshot MR imaging in humans. Work in progress. , 1992, Radiology.

[48]  S. Nelson,et al.  Evaluation of left ventricular volume and mass with breath-hold cine MR imaging. , 1993, Radiology.

[49]  K. Uğurbil,et al.  Contrast‐enhanced first pass myocardial perfusion imaging: Correlation between myocardial blood flow in dogs at rest and during hyperemia , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[50]  R. Edelman,et al.  A preliminary report comparing magnetic resonance coronary angiography with conventional angiography. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[51]  M. Prince Gadolinium-enhanced MR aortography. , 1990, Radiology.

[52]  A. Duerinckx,et al.  Two-dimensional coronary MR angiography: analysis of initial clinical results. , 1994, Radiology.

[53]  R. Judd,et al.  Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance images of 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts. , 1995, Circulation.

[54]  U. Sechtem,et al.  Comparison of low-dose dobutamine-gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. A functional and morphological approach to the detection of residual myocardial viability. , 1995, Circulation.

[55]  E. Atalar,et al.  Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI. Potential mechanisms. , 1995, Circulation.

[56]  R. Edelman,et al.  Dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MR angiography of the lower extremities: initial evaluation with a multisection two-dimensional time-of-flight sequence. , 1995, Radiology.

[57]  P. Douek,et al.  Fast MR angiography of the aortoiliac arteries and arteries of the lower extremity: value of bolus-enhanced, whole-volume subtraction technique. , 1995, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[58]  R Frayne,et al.  Time‐resolved contrast‐enhanced 3D MR angiography , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[59]  R. Kim,et al.  Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. , 1996, Circulation.

[60]  L. Axel,et al.  Breath-hold ultrafast three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the aorta and the renal and other visceral abdominal arteries. , 1996, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[61]  C. Kuhl,et al.  Aortic dissection: a comparative study of diagnosis with spiral CT, multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography, and MR imaging. , 1996, Radiology.

[62]  T. Chenevert,et al.  Automated detection of bolus arrival and initiation of data acquisition in fast, three-dimensional, gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. , 1997, Radiology.

[63]  O. Simonetti,et al.  Contrast-enhanced breath-hold MR angiography for evaluating patency of coronary artery bypass grafts. , 1997, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[64]  R. Wilson,et al.  Myocardial perfusion reserve: assessment with multisection, quantitative, first-pass MR imaging. , 1997, Radiology.

[65]  A. Shetty,et al.  Contrast‐enhanced 3D MRA with centric ordering in k space: A preliminary clinical experience in imaging the abdominal aorta and renal and peripheral arterial vasculature , 1998, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[66]  M. Reiser,et al.  Patency of coronary bypass grafts: assessment with breath-hold contrast-enhanced MR angiography--value of a non-electrocardiographically triggered technique. , 1998, Radiology.

[67]  J. Rumberger,et al.  Measurement of myocardial infarct size by electron beam computed tomography: a comparison with 99mTc sestamibi. , 1998, Investigative radiology.

[68]  F. Epstein,et al.  Improved coverage in dynamic contrast‐enhanced cardiac MRI using interleaved gradient‐echo EPI , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[69]  C. Higgins,et al.  Measurement of the distribution volume of gadopentetate dimeglumine at echo-planar MR imaging to quantify myocardial infarction: comparison with 99mTc-DTPA autoradiography in rats. , 1999, Radiology.

[70]  S. Neubauer,et al.  Detection of myocardial viability by low-dose dobutamine Cine MR imaging. , 1999, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[71]  René M. Botnar,et al.  Contrast agent‐enhanced, free‐breathing, three‐dimensional coronary magnetic resonance angiography , 1999, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[72]  K. Kreitner,et al.  Assessment of coronary artery bypass grafts: value of different breath-hold MR imaging techniques. , 1999, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[73]  O. Simonetti,et al.  Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. , 1999, Circulation.

[74]  Katherine C. Wu,et al.  Microvascular obstruction and left ventricular remodeling early after acute myocardial infarction. , 2000, Circulation.

[75]  S. Achenbach,et al.  Noninvasive detection of coronary artery stenosis using contrast-enhanced three-dimensional breath-hold magnetic resonance coronary angiography. , 2000, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[76]  C. Higgins,et al.  Reperfused rat myocardium subjected to various durations of ischemia: estimation of the distribution volume of contrast material with echo-planar MR imaging. , 2000, Radiology.

[77]  Marc Kachelriess,et al.  ECG-correlated imaging of the heart with subsecond multislice spiral CT , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[78]  O. Simonetti,et al.  The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[79]  Samin K. Sharma,et al.  Noninvasive in vivo human coronary artery lumen and wall imaging using black-blood magnetic resonance imaging. , 2000, Circulation.

[80]  J. Debatin,et al.  MR evaluation of ventricular function: true fast imaging with steady-state precession versus fast low-angle shot cine MR imaging: feasibility study. , 2001, Radiology.

[81]  René M. Botnar,et al.  Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[82]  O. Simonetti,et al.  An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. , 2001, Radiology.

[83]  S. Plein,et al.  Steady‐state free precession magnetic resonance imaging of the heart: Comparison with segmented k‐space gradient‐echo imaging , 2001, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[84]  R. Hetzer,et al.  Detection of myocardial ischemia by electron beam CT. Experimental studies. , 2001, Acta radiologica.

[85]  C. Lorenz,et al.  Measurement of the gadopentetate dimeglumine partition coefficient in human myocardium in vivo: normal distribution and elevation in acute and chronic infarction. , 2001, Radiology.

[86]  M. Rubenfire,et al.  Electron-beam computed tomography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. , 2001, Archives of internal medicine.

[87]  S. Wolff,et al.  First-pass myocardial perfusion MR imaging with interleaved notched saturation: feasibility study. , 2001, Radiology.

[88]  René M. Botnar,et al.  3D coronary vessel wall imaging utilizing a local inversion technique with spiral image acquisition , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[89]  M. Oudkerk,et al.  Comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and conventional pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a prospective study , 2002, The Lancet.

[90]  Katherine C. Wu,et al.  Accuracy of Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Predicting Improvement of Regional Myocardial Function in Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction , 2002, Circulation.

[91]  S. Achenbach,et al.  A Direct Comparison of Noninvasive Coronary Angiography by Electron Beam Tomography and Navigator-Echo-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Restenosis Following Coronary Angioplasty , 2002, Investigative radiology.

[92]  G. Schroth,et al.  Contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the carotid artery: comparison with conventional digital subtraction angiography. , 2002, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[93]  J. Debatin,et al.  Whole-body three-dimensional MR angiography with a rolling table platform: initial clinical experience. , 2002, Radiology.

[94]  O. Simonetti,et al.  TrueFISP: Assessment of accuracy for measurement of left ventricular mass in an animal model , 2002, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[95]  D. Pennell,et al.  Breath-hold FLASH and FISP cardiovascular MR imaging: left ventricular volume differences and reproducibility. , 2002, Radiology.

[96]  E. McVeigh,et al.  Phase‐sensitive inversion recovery for detecting myocardial infarction using gadolinium‐delayed hyperenhancement † , 2002, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[97]  P. Nederkoorn,et al.  Time-of-flight MR angiography of carotid artery stenosis: does a flow void represent severe stenosis? , 2002, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[98]  René M. Botnar,et al.  Navigator-Gated Free-Breathing Three-Dimensional Balanced Fast Field Echo (TrueFISP) Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography , 2002, Investigative radiology.

[99]  Robin M Heidemann,et al.  Generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) , 2002, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[100]  M. Schmitt,et al.  Dynamic contrast‐enhanced myocardial perfusion imaging using saturation‐prepared TrueFISP , 2002, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[101]  M. Kirchin,et al.  Gadobenate Dimeglumine in MRI of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results of a Phase III Study Comparing Dynamic and Delayed Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging With EKG, 201Tl SPECT, and Echocardiography , 2002, Investigative radiology.

[102]  René M. Botnar,et al.  Three-Dimensional Black-Blood Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Coronary Vessel Wall Imaging Detects Positive Arterial Remodeling in Patients With Nonsignificant Coronary Artery Disease , 2002, Circulation.

[103]  Richard D. White,et al.  Nonstress delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging of the myocardium predicts improvement of function after revascularization for chronic ischemic heart disease with left ventricular dysfunction. , 2003, American heart journal.

[104]  V. Deshpande,et al.  Contrast‐enhanced coronary artery imaging using 3D trueFISP , 2003, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[105]  C. Loewe Peripheral MR angiography. , 2003, Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR.

[106]  E. Fleck,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Measurements for the Noninvasive Detection of Coronary Artery Disease , 2003, Circulation.

[107]  S. Achenbach,et al.  Diagnostic Value of Maximum Intensity Projections Versus Source Images for Assessment of Contrast-Enhanced Three-Dimensional Breath-Hold Magnetic Resonance Coronary Angiography , 2003, Investigative radiology.

[108]  D. Pennell,et al.  Coronary artery bypass graft patency: assessment with true ast imaging with steady-state precession versus gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. , 2003, Radiology.

[109]  René M. Botnar,et al.  Initial experiences with in vivo right coronary artery human MR vessel wall imaging at 3 tesla. , 2003, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[110]  D. Berman,et al.  Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality. , 2003, Radiology.

[111]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Single breath-hold real-time cine MR imaging: improved temporal resolution using generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) algorithm , 2003, European Radiology.

[112]  K. Stierstorfer,et al.  Image reconstruction and image quality evaluation for a 16-slice CT scanner. , 2003, Medical physics.

[113]  J. Schulz-Menger,et al.  T1 mapping in patients with acute myocardial infarction. , 2003, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[114]  Kiang Liu,et al.  Electron-Beam Tomography Coronary Artery Calcium and Cardiac Events: A 37-Month Follow-Up of 5635 Initially Asymptomatic Low- to Intermediate-Risk Adults , 2003, Circulation.

[115]  R. Detrano,et al.  Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. , 2004, JAMA.

[116]  D. Fieno,et al.  Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Based on the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Effect Using T2-Prepared Steady-State Free-Precession Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2004, Circulation.

[117]  René M. Botnar,et al.  Coronary MR angiography: comparison of quantitative and qualitative data from four techniques. , 2004, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[118]  S. Schaller,et al.  Aorto-iliac multidetector-row CT angiography with low kV settings: improved vessel enhancement and simultaneous reduction of radiation dose , 2005, European Radiology.

[119]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  Diagnostic performance of coronary magnetic resonance angiography as compared against conventional X-ray angiography: a meta-analysis. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[120]  M. Tillich,et al.  Aortoiliac Enhancement During Computed Tomography Angiography With Reduced Contrast Material Dose and Saline Solution Flush: Influence on Magnitude and Uniformity of the Contrast Column , 2004, Investigative radiology.

[121]  T. Flohr,et al.  CT for imaging coronary artery disease: defining the paradigm for its application , 2005, The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging.

[122]  D. Pennell,et al.  Comparison of hybrid echo-planar imaging and FLASH myocardial perfusion cardiovascular MR imaging. , 2005, Radiology.

[123]  J. Barkhausen,et al.  Myocardial infarct: depiction with contrast-enhanced MR imaging--comparison of gadopentetate and gadobenate. , 2005, Radiology.

[124]  K. Stierstorfer,et al.  Image reconstruction and image quality evaluation for a 64-slice CT scanner with z-flying focal spot. , 2005, Medical physics.

[125]  K. Stierstorfer,et al.  First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system , 2006, European Radiology.

[126]  M. Gutberlet,et al.  Influence of high magnetic field strengths and parallel acquisition strategies on image quality in cardiac 2D CINE magnetic resonance imaging: comparison of 1.5 T vs. 3.0 T , 2005, European Radiology.

[127]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Practical approaches to the evaluation of signal‐to‐noise ratio performance with parallel imaging: Application with cardiac imaging and a 32‐channel cardiac coil , 2005, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[128]  O. Simonetti,et al.  Three‐dimensional breathhold SSFP coronary MRA: A comparison between 1.5T and 3.0T , 2005, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[129]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Phase-sensitive inversion-recovery MR imaging in the detection of myocardial infarction. , 2005, Radiology.

[130]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  High-spatial-resolution MR angiography of renal arteries with integrated parallel acquisitions: comparison with digital subtraction angiography and US. , 2005, Radiology.

[131]  Takayuki Obata,et al.  Clinical potentials of the prototype 256-detector row CT-scanner. , 2005, Academic radiology.

[132]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Phase-Sensitive Inversion Recovery (PSIR) Single-Shot TrueFISP for Assessment of Myocardial Infarction at 3 Tesla , 2006, Investigative radiology.

[133]  C. Claussen,et al.  Assessment of Myocardial Viability Using Delayed Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3.0 Tesla , 2006, Investigative radiology.

[134]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Cardiac CINE MR imaging with a 32‐channel cardiac coil and parallel imaging: Impact of acceleration factors on image quality and volumetric accuracy , 2006, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[135]  J. Lima,et al.  Multidetector computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging during adenosine stress. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[136]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Cardiac Steady-State Free Precession CINE Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3.0 Tesla: Impact of Parallel Imaging Acceleration on Volumetric Accuracy and Signal Parameters , 2006, Investigative radiology.

[137]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Dual breath-hold magnetic resonance cine evaluation of global and regional cardiac function , 2006, European Radiology.

[138]  Michael O Zenge,et al.  High‐resolution continuously acquired peripheral MR angiography featuring partial parallel imaging GRAPPA , 2006, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[139]  M. Reiser,et al.  Image Quality, Motion Artifacts, and Reconstruction Timing of 64-Slice Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography With 0.33-Second Rotation Speed , 2006, Investigative radiology.

[140]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion imaging for the functional assessment of coronary artery disease: a comparison with coronary angiography and fractional flow reserve. , 2006, European heart journal.

[141]  M. Robson,et al.  Cardiovascular magnetic resonance perfusion imaging at 3-tesla for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparison with 1.5-tesla. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[142]  T. Flohr,et al.  Chasing the heart: new developments for cardiac CT. , 2007, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[143]  M. Reiser,et al.  Myocardial First Pass Perfusion Imaging With Gadobutrol: Impact of Parallel Imaging Algorithms on Image Quality and Signal Behavior , 2007, Investigative radiology.

[144]  D. Berman,et al.  Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[145]  M. Wyss,et al.  Renal artery assessment with nonenhanced steady-state free precession versus contrast-enhanced MR angiography. , 2007, Radiology.

[146]  M. Reiser,et al.  Myocardial Perfusion Imaging With Gadobutrol: A Comparison Between 3 and 1.5 Tesla With an Identical Sequence Design , 2007, Investigative radiology.

[147]  René M. Botnar,et al.  Delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance coronary artery wall imaging: comparison with multislice computed tomography and quantitative coronary angiography. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[148]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Lower Extremities With a Dedicated 36-Element Matrix Coil at 3 Tesla , 2007, Investigative radiology.

[149]  M. Reiser,et al.  Inversion Recovery Single-Shot TurboFLASH for Assessment of Myocardial Infarction at 3 Tesla , 2007, Investigative radiology.

[150]  M. Hunink,et al.  Lower extremity arterial disease: multidetector CT angiography meta-analysis. , 2007, Radiology.

[151]  E. Kanal,et al.  Gadolinium-based MR contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. , 2007, Radiology.

[152]  M. Robson,et al.  Irreversible myocardial injury: assessment with cardiovascular delayed-enhancement MR imaging and comparison of 1.5 and 3.0 T--initial experience. , 2007, Radiology.

[153]  P. Serruys,et al.  Quantification of Coronary Plaque by 64-slice Computed Tomography: A Comparison with Quantitative Intracoronary Ultrasound , 2008, Investigative radiology.

[154]  P. Boesiger,et al.  k-Space and time sensitivity encoding-accelerated myocardial perfusion MR imaging at 3.0 T: comparison with 1.5 T. , 2008, Radiology.

[155]  V. Lee,et al.  Nonenhanced MR angiography. , 2008, Radiology.

[156]  P. Boesiger,et al.  High spatial resolution myocardial perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance for the detection of coronary artery disease , 2008, European heart journal.

[157]  D. Berman,et al.  Cardiac chamber volumes, function, and mass as determined by 64-multidetector row computed tomography: mean values among healthy adults free of hypertension and obesity. , 2008, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[158]  H. Otero,et al.  Initial evaluation of coronary images from 320-detector row computed tomography , 2008, The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging.

[159]  Sandeep N. Gupta,et al.  Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[160]  T. Flohr,et al.  Images in cardiovascular medicine. Myocardial ischemia diagnosed by dual-energy computed tomography: correlation with single-photon emission computed tomography. , 2008, Circulation.

[161]  N. Kachenoura,et al.  Combined assessment of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion using multidetector computed tomography for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. , 2009, The American journal of cardiology.

[162]  S. Napel,et al.  Dual-energy CT discrimination of iodine and calcium: experimental results and implications for lower extremity CT angiography. , 2009, Academic radiology.

[163]  S. Ruehm,et al.  Dual-energy CT angiography of pelvic and lower extremity arteries: dual-energy bone subtraction versus manual bone subtraction. , 2009, Clinical radiology.

[164]  Hyuk-Jae Chang,et al.  Adenosine Stress 64- and 256-Row Detector Computed Tomography Angiography and Perfusion Imaging: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Transmural Extent of Perfusion Abnormalities to Predict Atherosclerosis Causing Myocardial Ischemia , 2009, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[165]  M. Reiser,et al.  Noninvasive Coronary Angiography Using Dual-Source Computed Tomography in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation , 2009, Investigative radiology.

[166]  S. Haneder,et al.  Peripheral Magnetic Resonance Angiography With Continuous Table Movement in Combination With High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Time-Resolved MRA With a Total Single Dose (0.1 mmol/kg) of Gadobutrol at 3.0 T , 2009, Investigative radiology.

[167]  S. Schindera,et al.  Thoracoabdominal-Aortoiliac Multidetector-Row CT Angiography at 80 and 100 kVp: Assessment of Image Quality and Radiation Dose , 2009, Investigative radiology.

[168]  S. Wildermuth,et al.  Dual Source CT Coronary Angiography in Severely Obese Patients: Trading Off Temporal Resolution and Image Noise , 2009, Investigative radiology.

[169]  R. Cury,et al.  Adenosine-induced stress myocardial perfusion imaging using dual-source cardiac computed tomography. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[170]  U. Schoepf,et al.  Comparison of dual-energy computed tomography of the heart with single photon emission computed tomography for assessment of coronary artery stenosis and of the myocardial blood supply. , 2009, The American journal of cardiology.

[171]  M. Reiser,et al.  Low Dose Gadobenate Dimeglumine for Imaging Of Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Comparison With Standard Dose Gadopentetate Dimeglumine , 2009, Investigative radiology.

[172]  T. Chenevert,et al.  Technical principles of MR angiography methods. , 2009, Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America.

[173]  B. Yeh,et al.  Dual Source Dual-Energy Computed Tomography of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Correlation With Histopathologic Findings in a Canine Model , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[174]  Kia-Chong Chua,et al.  Stress and rest dynamic myocardial perfusion imaging by evaluation of complete time-attenuation curves with dual-source CT. , 2010, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[175]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Diagnostic Accuracy of 320-Row Multidetector Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography to Noninvasively Assess In-Stent Restenosis , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[176]  F. Bamberg,et al.  Reproducibility, Accuracy, and Predictors of Accuracy for the Detection of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Composition by Computed Tomography: An Ex Vivo Comparison to Intravascular Ultrasound , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[177]  G. Bastarrika,et al.  Assessment of Left Atrial Volumes and Function in Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipients by Dual-Source CT: Comparison With MRI , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[178]  G. Feuchtner,et al.  Dual-step prospective ECG-triggered 128-slice dual-source CT for evaluation of coronary arteries and cardiac function without heart rate control: a technical note , 2010, European Radiology.

[179]  S. Ko,et al.  Myocardial perfusion imaging using adenosine-induced stress dual-energy computed tomography of the heart: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and conventional coronary angiography , 2010, European Radiology.

[180]  Leon Axel,et al.  Combination of Compressed Sensing and Parallel Imaging for Highly-Accelerated 3 D First-Pass Cardiac Perfusion MRI , 2009 .

[181]  R. Cury,et al.  Dipyridamole stress and rest myocardial perfusion by 64-detector row computed tomography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. , 2010, The American journal of cardiology.

[182]  U. Schoepf,et al.  Dual-energy computed tomography for integrative imaging of coronary artery disease: principles and clinical applications. , 2010, Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR.

[183]  J. Min,et al.  ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American , 2010, Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography.

[184]  M. Jerosch-Herold Quantification of myocardial perfusion by cardiovascular magnetic resonance , 2010, Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[185]  R. Edelman,et al.  Quiescent‐interval single‐shot unenhanced magnetic resonance angiography of peripheral vascular disease: Technical considerations and clinical feasibility , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[186]  U. Schoepf,et al.  Adenosine-Stress Dynamic Myocardial CT Perfusion Imaging: Initial Clinical Experience , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[187]  W. Kalender,et al.  Quantitative Whole Heart Stress Perfusion CT Imaging as Noninvasive Assessment of Hemodynamics in Coronary Artery Stenosis: Preliminary Animal Experience , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[188]  S. Achenbach,et al.  Coronary computed tomography angiography with a consistent dose below 1 mSv using prospectively electrocardiogram-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition. , 2010, European heart journal.

[189]  F. Rybicki,et al.  CT Coronary Angiography: 256-Slice and 320-Detector Row Scanners , 2010, Current cardiology reports.

[190]  M. Reiser,et al.  Saving Dose in Triple-Rule-Out Computed Tomography Examination Using a High-Pitch Dual Spiral Technique , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[191]  E. Klotz,et al.  Performance Assessment of Dynamic Spiral Scan Modes With Variable Pitch for Quantitative Perfusion Computed Tomography , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[192]  R. Cury,et al.  Incremental value of adenosine-induced stress myocardial perfusion imaging with dual-source CT at cardiac CT angiography. , 2010, Radiology.

[193]  R. Cury,et al.  Adenosine Stress High-Pitch 128-Slice Dual-Source Myocardial Computed Tomography Perfusion for Imaging of Reversible Myocardial Ischemia: Comparison With Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2011, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[194]  E. Nagel,et al.  High-resolution magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging at 3.0-Tesla to detect hemodynamically significant coronary stenoses as determined by fractional flow reserve. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[195]  P. Croisille,et al.  Head‐to‐head comparison of eight late gadolinium‐enhanced cardiac MR (LGE CMR) sequences at 1.5 tesla: From bench to bedside , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[196]  A. Haase,et al.  FLASH imaging: rapid NMR imaging using low flip-angle pulses. 1986. , 1986, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[197]  R. Cury,et al.  Dipyridamole stress and rest transmural myocardial perfusion ratio evaluation by 64 detector-row computed tomography. , 2011, Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography.

[198]  M. Reiser,et al.  Detection of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenosis: incremental diagnostic value of dynamic CT-based myocardial perfusion imaging. , 2011, Radiology.

[199]  Zhao-qi Zhang,et al.  Incremental value of dual-energy CT to coronary CT angiography for the detection of significant coronary stenosis: comparison with quantitative coronary angiography and single photon emission computed tomography , 2011, The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging.

[200]  C. Fink,et al.  Evaluation of heavily calcified vessels with coronary CT angiography: comparison of iterative and filtered back projection image reconstruction. , 2011, Radiology.

[201]  H. Alkadhi,et al.  Meta-analysis: Diagnostic Performance of Low-Radiation-Dose Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography , 2011, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[202]  J. Lima,et al.  Computed Tomography Myocardial Perfusion Imaging With 320-Row Detector Computed Tomography Accurately Detects Myocardial Ischemia in Patients With Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease , 2012, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[203]  B. Hamm,et al.  Gadobutrol for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Chronic Myocardial Infarction: Intraindividual Comparison With Gadopentetate Dimeglumine , 2011, Investigative radiology.

[204]  James O. Mudd,et al.  T1 Mapping in cardiomyopathy at cardiac MR: comparison with endomyocardial biopsy. , 2012, Radiology.

[205]  J. Damilakis,et al.  Triple-Rule-Out Computed Tomography Angiography With 256-Slice Computed Tomography Scanners: Patient-Specific Assessment of Radiation Burden and Associated Cancer Risk , 2012, Investigative radiology.

[206]  I. Meredith,et al.  Computed tomography stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients considered for revascularization: a comparison with fractional flow reserve. , 2012, European heart journal.

[207]  M. Reiser,et al.  Extracellular Volume Fractions in Chronic Myocardial Infarction , 2012, Investigative radiology.

[208]  Khaled Z. Abd-Elmoniem,et al.  The Feasibility of 350 &mgr;m Spatial Resolution Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography at 3 T in Humans , 2012, Investigative radiology.

[209]  M. Oudkerk,et al.  Dual-energy CT of the heart. , 2012, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[210]  M. Reiser,et al.  Diagnostic Accuracy of Dynamic Computed Tomographic Angiographic of the Lower Leg in Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia , 2012, Investigative radiology.

[211]  M. Reiser,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Perfusion of the Myocardium: Semiquantitative and Quantitative Evaluation in Comparison With Coronary Angiography and Fractional Flow Reserve , 2012, Investigative radiology.

[212]  E. Nagel,et al.  Diagnostic performance of noninvasive myocardial perfusion imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography imaging for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[213]  G. Rubin,et al.  Time-resolved CT angiography for the detection and classification of endoleaks. , 2012, Radiology.

[214]  S. Plein,et al.  Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial , 2012, The Lancet.

[215]  M. Reiser,et al.  Accuracy of Dynamic Computed Tomography Adenosine Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Estimating Myocardial Blood Flow at Various Degrees of Coronary Artery Stenosis Using a Porcine Animal Model , 2012, Investigative radiology.

[216]  S. Ko,et al.  Diagnostic performance of combined noninvasive anatomic and functional assessment with dual-source CT and adenosine-induced stress dual-energy CT for detection of significant coronary stenosis. , 2012, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[217]  U. Schoepf,et al.  Adenosine-stress dynamic myocardial perfusion imaging with second-generation dual-source CT: comparison with conventional catheter coronary angiography and SPECT nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging. , 2012, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[218]  P. Kellman,et al.  Extracellular volume imaging by magnetic resonance imaging provides insights into overt and sub-clinical myocardial pathology. , 2012, European heart journal.

[219]  B. Hamm,et al.  Macrocyclic contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging of chronic myocardial infarction: intraindividual comparison of gadobutrol and gadoterate meglumine , 2012, European Radiology.

[220]  J. Leipsic,et al.  Prospectively ECG-triggered rapid kV-switching dual-energy CT for quantitative imaging of myocardial perfusion. , 2012, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[221]  M. Robson,et al.  Myocardial oxygenation in coronary artery disease: insights from blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging at 3 tesla. , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[222]  C. Fink,et al.  Adenosine-stress dynamic real-time myocardial perfusion CT and adenosine-stress first-pass dual-energy myocardial perfusion CT for the assessment of acute chest pain: initial results. , 2012, European journal of radiology.

[223]  U. Schoepf,et al.  Detection of coronary artery stenosis with sub-milliSievert radiation dose by prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral CT angiography and iterative reconstruction , 2013, European Radiology.

[224]  I. Meredith,et al.  Diagnostic accuracy of combined coronary angiography and adenosine stress myocardial perfusion imaging using 320-detector computed tomography: pilot study , 2013, European Radiology.

[225]  C. Unterberg-Buchwald,et al.  Head-to-head comparison of prospectively triggered vs retrospectively gated coronary computed tomography angiography: Meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy, image quality, and radiation dose. , 2013, American heart journal.

[226]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Detection of Myocardial Ischemia by Automated, Motion-Corrected, Color-Encoded Perfusion Maps Compared With Visual Analysis of Adenosine Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3 T: A Pilot Study , 2013, Investigative radiology.

[227]  T. Flohr,et al.  Accuracy of dual-energy computed tomography for the measurement of iodine concentration using cardiac CT protocols: validation in a phantom model , 2014, European Radiology.

[228]  C. Becker,et al.  CT stress perfusion imaging for detection of haemodynamically relevant coronary stenosis as defined by FFR , 2013, Heart.

[229]  Bettina M. Gramer,et al.  Myocardium: dynamic versus single-shot CT perfusion imaging. , 2013, Radiology.

[230]  P. Kellman,et al.  T1 and extracellular volume mapping in the heart: estimation of error maps and the influence of noise on precision , 2013, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[231]  T. Cook,et al.  Coronary and Cardiac Computed Tomography in the Emergency Room: Current Status and Future Directions , 2013, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[232]  R. Kwong,et al.  MR myocardial perfusion imaging. , 2013, Radiology.

[233]  M. Robson,et al.  Noncontrast T1 mapping for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. , 2013, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[234]  M. Hadamitzky,et al.  Prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography during 5 years of follow-up in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. , 2012, European heart journal.

[235]  S. K. White,et al.  Identification and Assessment of Anderson-Fabry Disease by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Noncontrast Myocardial T1 Mapping , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[236]  H. Alkadhi,et al.  Stenosis Quantification in Coronary CT Angiography: Impact of an Integrated Circuit Detector With Iterative Reconstruction , 2013, Investigative radiology.

[237]  P. Kellman,et al.  T1-mapping in the heart: accuracy and precision , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[238]  F. Rybicki,et al.  Computed tomography angiography and perfusion to assess coronary artery stenosis causing perfusion defects by single photon emission computed tomography: the CORE320 study. , 2014, European heart journal.

[239]  S. Ko,et al.  Direct comparison of stress- and rest-dual-energy computed tomography for detection of myocardial perfusion defect , 2014, The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging.

[240]  U. Schoepf,et al.  Feasibility of prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch coronary CT angiography with 30 mL iodinated contrast agent at 70 kVp: initial experience , 2014, European Radiology.

[241]  Germany,et al.  Coronary Artery Computed Tomography Scanning , 2014, Circulation.

[242]  H. Morita,et al.  Additional diagnostic value of first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging without stress when combined with 64-row detector coronary CT angiography in patients with coronary artery disease , 2014, Heart.

[243]  U. Schoepf,et al.  First-arterial-pass dual-energy CT for assessment of myocardial blood supply: do we need rest, stress, and delayed acquisition? Comparison with SPECT. , 2014, Radiology.

[244]  Maurice B. Bizino,et al.  High Spatial Resolution Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography at 7 T: Comparison With Low Spatial Resolution Bright Blood Imaging , 2014, Investigative radiology.

[245]  M. Stuber,et al.  Respiratory self-navigated postcontrast whole-heart coronary MR angiography: initial experience in patients. , 2014, Radiology.

[246]  G. Sun,et al.  Diagnostic accuracy of myocardial magnetic resonance perfusion to diagnose ischemic stenosis with fractional flow reserve as reference: systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2014, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[247]  S. Kim,et al.  Dual-Energy CT Perfusion During Pharmacologic Stress for the Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion Defects Using a Second-Generation Dual-Source CT: A Comparison With Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2014, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[248]  M. Reiser,et al.  Dynamic myocardial CT perfusion imaging for evaluation of myocardial ischemia as determined by MR imaging. , 2014, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[249]  M. Stuber,et al.  Compressed sensing single-breath-hold CMR for fast quantification of LV function, volumes, and mass. , 2014, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[250]  Richard B. Thompson,et al.  Accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of four T1 mapping sequences: a head-to-head comparison of MOLLI, ShMOLLI, SASHA, and SAPPHIRE. , 2014, Radiology.

[251]  S. Petersen,et al.  Diagnostic performance of hyperaemic myocardial blood flow index obtained by dynamic computed tomography: does it predict functionally significant coronary lesions? , 2014, European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging.

[252]  Peter Kellman,et al.  Optimized saturation recovery protocols for T1-mapping in the heart: influence of sampling strategies on precision , 2014, Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

[253]  E. Rummeny,et al.  Single-Dose Gadobutrol in Comparison With Single-Dose Gadobenate Dimeglumine for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Chronic Myocardial Infarction at 3 T , 2014, Investigative radiology.

[254]  Joshua M Wilson,et al.  Dual-energy multi-detector row CT with virtual monochromatic imaging for improving patient-to-patient uniformity of aortic enhancement during CT angiography: an in vitro and in vivo study. , 2014, Radiology.

[255]  T. Flohr,et al.  Image quality and radiation dose of low tube voltage 3rd generation dual-source coronary CT angiography in obese patients: a phantom study , 2014, European Radiology.

[256]  Michaela Schmidt,et al.  Highly undersampled contrast‐enhanced MRA with iterative reconstruction: Integration in a clinical setting , 2015, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[257]  Joachim Hornegger,et al.  Reduction of respiratory motion artifacts for free‐breathing whole‐heart coronary MRA by weighted iterative reconstruction , 2015, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[258]  D. Magee,et al.  Comparison of the Diagnostic Performance of Four Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion Estimation Methods Used in Cardiac MR Imaging: CE-MARC Substudy. , 2015, Radiology.

[259]  Sharmila,et al.  Acute Chest Pain — Suspected Aortic Dissection , 2016 .

[260]  R. Edelman,et al.  Evaluation of Peripheral Arterial Disease with Nonenhanced Quiescent-Interval Single-Shot MR Angiography. , 2017, Radiology.