In this paper, we design a small temperature control system based on thermoelectric cooler (TEC), which uses proportional integral differential (PID) compensation network to control and drive the TEC module used as a temperature compensation element, and adopts a dedicated control chip, MAX1978, to conduct semiconductor refrigeration closed-loop automatic control. In room temperature environment, the temperature range of the temperature control system is 5° to 55°, which can be continuously adjusted with the accuracy of up to 0.5°. The system has the advantages of small volume, low power consumption, high efficiency, high integrated level, long service life, no noise, no mechanical movement, rapid and flexible refrigerating and heating, high precision temperature control, no need of refrigerant, no pollution to the environment, and not only provides a practical method to improve the temperature stability of semiconductor laser diode and rapidly reach a steady state, but also provides the beneficial reference to the similar temperature control system.