The infant with nystagmus, normal appearing fundi, but an abnormal ERG.

Many retinal disorders present during infancy with nystagmus, decreased vision, and normal-appearing fundi, but an abnormal ERG. The most common of these disorders are Leber's congenital amaurosis, achromatopsia, and congenital stationary night-blindness. Other disorders with similar ocular manifestations may be associated with a variety of life-threatening systemic abnormalities. This review describes the clinical, electrophysiological, and laboratory findings that can be used to distinguish among these conditions.

[1]  J. I. Pedersen,et al.  Peroxisomal dysfunction in a boy with neurologic symptoms and amaurosis (Leber disease): clinical and biochemical findings similar to those observed in Zellweger syndrome. , 1986, The Journal of pediatrics.

[2]  A. Dekaban Mental Retardation and Neurologic Involvement in Patients with Congenital Retinal Blindness , 1972, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[3]  A. Friedmann,et al.  Juvenile familial nephropathy with tapetoretinal degeneration. A new oculorenal dystrophy. , 1961, American journal of ophthalmology.

[4]  J. Freedman,et al.  Bilateral macular coloboma, keratoconus, and retinitis pigmentosa. , 1971, Annals of ophthalmology.

[5]  R. Nussbaum,et al.  Mapping X-linked ophthalmic diseases. Provisional assignment of the locus for choroideremia to Xq13-q24. , 1985, Ophthalmology.

[6]  M. Sanders,et al.  Juvenile Batten's disease: an ophthalmological assessment of 26 patients. , 1980, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[7]  E. Auerbach,et al.  Achromatopsia with amblyopia , 1974, Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology.

[8]  E. Zackai,et al.  Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy: new cases, biochemical studies, and differentiation from Zellweger and related peroxisomal polydystrophy syndromes. , 1986, American journal of medical genetics.

[9]  M. Sanders,et al.  Neurological abnormalities in congenital amaurosis of Leber. Review of 30 cases. , 1977, Archives of disease in childhood.

[10]  C. Astrup,et al.  A follow-up of 270 patients with acute affective psychoses. , 1959, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[11]  C. Hoyt,et al.  Leber's congenital amaurosis. Is mental retardation a frequent associated defect? , 1982, Archives of ophthalmology.

[12]  M. Pembrey,et al.  Follow-up and diagnostic reappraisal of 75 patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis. , 1989, American journal of ophthalmology.

[13]  J. Babel Constatations histologiques dans l'amaurose infantile de Leber et dans diverses formes d'héméralopie , 1963 .

[14]  M. Glickstein,et al.  Receptors in the monochromat eye , 1975, Vision Research.

[15]  H. Moser,et al.  Ocular histopathologic and biochemical studies of the cerebrohepatorenal syndrome (Zellweger's syndrome) and its relationship to neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. , 1983, American journal of ophthalmology.

[16]  A. Dekaban Hereditary syndrome of congenital retinal blindness (Leber), polycystic kidneys and maldevelopment of the brain. , 1969, American journal of ophthalmology.

[17]  J. Weinstein,et al.  Leber's congenital amaurosis. Relationship of structural CNS anomalies to psychomotor retardation. , 1984, Archives of neurology.

[18]  M. Alpern,et al.  Typical total monochromacy. A histological and psychophysical study. , 1965, Archives of ophthalmology.

[19]  M. Sandberg,et al.  Electroretinograms in carriers of blue cone monochromatism. , 1986, American journal of ophthalmology.

[20]  J. Rapola,et al.  Infantile type of so-called neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. 2. Morphological and biochemical studies. , 1973, Journal of the neurological sciences.

[21]  E. Auerbach,et al.  Achromatopsia with amblyopia , 1974, Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology.

[22]  B. Spivey THE X-LINKED RECESSIVE INHERITANCE OF ATYPICAL MONOCHROMATISM. , 1965, Archives of ophthalmology.

[23]  E. Auerbach,et al.  An electrophysiological and psychophysical study of two forms of congenital night blindness. , 1969, Investigative ophthalmology.

[24]  B. Polak,et al.  Tapetoretinal degeneration associated with recessively inherited medullary cystic disease. , 1977, American journal of ophthalmology.

[25]  A. J. Packer,et al.  Diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis by ultrastructural examination of peripheral blood lymphocytes. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[26]  A. Dekaban,et al.  Congenital amaurosis of retinal origin. Frequent association with neurological disorders. , 1966, Archives of neurology.

[27]  T. Kearns External Ophthalmoplegia, Pigmentary Degeneration of the Retina, and Cardiomyopathy: A Newly Recognized Syndrome. , 1965, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society.

[28]  T. Kuwabara,et al.  ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF A RETINAL ABIOTROPHY. , 1964, Archives of ophthalmology.

[29]  H Ripps,et al.  Night blindness revisited: from man to molecules. Proctor lecture. , 1982, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[30]  Theodor Leber Die Krankheiten der Netzhaut , 1915 .

[31]  D. Wilson,et al.  Retinal dystrophy in Jeune's syndrome. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[32]  P. Bowen,et al.  A FAMILIAL SYNDROME OF MULTIPLE CONGENITAL DEFECTS. , 1964, Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.

[33]  V. Smith,et al.  X-linked congenital stationary night blindness. Review and report of a family with hyperopia. , 1991, Archives of ophthalmology.

[34]  A. Mccormick,et al.  EYE AND HEAD MOVEMENTS OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED CHILDREN , 1986, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[35]  P. Ellis,et al.  Osteopetrosis. A clinical study of optic-nerve involvement. , 1962, American journal of ophthalmology.

[36]  J. Donald M. Gass Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases , 1977 .

[37]  D. Taylor,et al.  Bilateral macular dysplasia ('colobomata') and congenital retinal dystrophy. , 1985, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[38]  F. Andermann,et al.  Familial agenesis of the cerebellar vermis , 1969, Neurology.

[39]  D. Danks,et al.  Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. Clinical, radiological, and pathological information on 10 patients. , 1977, Archives of disease in childhood.

[40]  W. Grizzard,et al.  Tapeto-retinal degeneration associated with renal disease. , 1981, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

[41]  J. François Metabolic tapetoretinal degenerations. , 1982, Survey of ophthalmology.

[42]  R. Carr,et al.  Leber's Congenital Amaurosis: A Retrospective Study of 33 Cases and a Histopathological Study of One Case , 1978 .

[43]  A. Sorsby,et al.  Retinal Aplasia as a Clinical Entity , 1960, British medical journal.

[44]  A. Iaina,et al.  Congenital Leber amaurosis, keratoconus, and mental retardation in familial juvenile nephronophtisis. , 1978, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

[45]  D. Taylor,et al.  A syndrome of congenital retinal dystrophy and saccade palsy--a subset of Leber's amaurosis. , 1984, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[46]  Y. Miyake,et al.  Reduced amplitude of oscillatory potentials in female carriers of X-linked recessive congenital stationary night blindness. , 1984, American journal of ophthalmology.

[47]  A. Mccormick,et al.  EYE‐PRESSING BY VISUALLY IMPAIRED CHILDREN , 1983, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[48]  L. Nelson,et al.  High hyperopia in Leber's congenital amaurosis. , 1985, Archives of ophthalmology.

[49]  F. Batten Cerebral degeneration, with symmetrical changes in the maculae, in two members of a family , 1903 .

[50]  W. R. Biersdorf,et al.  Visual sensory disorders in congenital nystagmus. , 1989, Ophthalmology.

[51]  E. Boltshauser,et al.  Joubert Syndrome: Episodic Hyperpnea, Abnormal Eye Movements, Retardation and Ataxia, Associated with Dysplasia of the Cerebellar Vermis , 1977, Neuropadiatrie.

[52]  J. V. D. van den Bosch,et al.  Amaurosis congenita (Leber). , 1959, A.M.A. archives of ophthalmology.

[53]  H. S. Thompson,et al.  Pupillary constriction to darkness. , 1985, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[54]  D. Friendly,et al.  Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger. Ocular histopathologic findings. , 1976, Archives of ophthalmology.

[55]  K. Yagasaki,et al.  Congenital stationary night blindness with negative electroretinogram. A new classification. , 1986 .

[56]  G. Schubert,et al.  Beitrag zur Analyse des menschlichen Elektroretinogramms , 1952 .

[57]  D. Taylor,et al.  Leber's congenital amaurosis--a new syndrome with a cardiomyopathy. , 1989, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[58]  A. S. Elonnoeelonen,et al.  APPRAISAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL LAG IN CERTAIN BLIND CHILDREN. , 1964, The Journal of pediatrics.

[59]  H. F. Falls Heredo-Retinopathia Congenitalis:Monohybrida Recessiva Autosomalis , 1958 .

[60]  O J Braddick,et al.  Screening for refractive errors in 6-9 month old infants by photorefraction. , 1984, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[61]  R. Carr,et al.  Macular colobomas in Leber's congenital amaurosis. , 1977, American journal of ophthalmology.

[62]  A. Deutman,et al.  Yellowish flecks in Leber's congenital amaurosis. , 1984, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[63]  C. Phillips,et al.  Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (Jeune's disease) with retinal aplasia: a sibship of two. , 1979, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

[64]  D. S. Ellis,et al.  Leber's congenital amaurosis associated with familial juvenile nephronophthisis and cone-shaped epiphyses of the hands (the Saldino-Mainzer syndrome). , 1984, American journal of ophthalmology.

[65]  R. Carr Congenital stationary nightblindness. , 1974, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society.

[66]  A E Krill,et al.  Photopic abnormalities in congenital stationary nightblindness. , 1971, Investigative ophthalmology.

[67]  G. Ponsot,et al.  Le syndrome de Joubert , 1990 .

[68]  M. King,et al.  Joubert's syndrome with retinal dysplasia: neonatal tachypnoea as the clue to a genetic brain-eye malformation. , 1984, Archives of disease in childhood.

[69]  B. Kushner,et al.  Paradoxical pupillary responses in congenital stationary night blindness. , 1977, Archives of ophthalmology.

[70]  T H Roderick,et al.  Mapping X-linked ophthalmic diseases. III. Provisional assignment of the locus for blue cone monochromacy to Xq28. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[71]  D. Taylor,et al.  Ocular manifestations of the congenital varicella syndrome. , 1989, Archives of ophthalmology.

[72]  A. Garner,et al.  Tapetoretinal degeneration in the cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger's) syndrome. , 1982, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[73]  G. Horsten,et al.  Congenital Blindness in the Presence of a Normal Fundus , 1959 .

[74]  I. Maumenee,et al.  Leber's congenital amaurosis. Retrospective review of 43 cases and a new fundus finding in two cases. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[75]  H. Zellweger,et al.  The Cerebro‐Hepato‐Renal (Zellweger) Syndrome And Other Peroxisomal Disorders , 1987, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[76]  D. Danks,et al.  Cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger. A report of eight cases with comments upon the incidence, the liver lesion, and a fault in pipecolic acid metabolism. , 1975, The Journal of pediatrics.

[77]  W. C. Edwards,et al.  Congenital amaurosis of retinal origin (Leber). , 1971, American journal of ophthalmology.

[78]  A. Tongue,et al.  Congenital stationary night blindness presenting as Leber's congenital amaurosis. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[79]  S. Kraft,et al.  Assignment of the gene for complete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) to Xp11.3. , 1989, Genomics.

[80]  J. François Leber's Congenital Tapetoretinal Degeneration , 1968, International ophthalmology clinics.

[81]  H. Goebel,et al.  Ultrastructural studies of the retina in infantile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. , 1988, Retina.

[82]  H. Minagi,et al.  Familial nephropathy associatdd with retinitis pigmentosa, cerebellar ataxia and skeletal abnormalities. , 1970, The American journal of medicine.

[83]  J. Aicardi,et al.  [Joubert's syndrome. Apropos of 5 cases]. , 1983, Archives francaises de pediatrie.

[84]  P. Lachapelle,et al.  The photopic electroretinogram in congenital stationary night blindness with myopia. , 1983, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[85]  J. Pokorny,et al.  X-linked incomplete achromatopsia with more than one class of functional cones. , 1983, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[86]  H. Moser,et al.  Phenotypic and genotypic variability of generalized peroxisomal disorders. , 1988, Pediatric neurology.

[87]  H. Bornschein,et al.  Comparative electroretinographic studies in congenital night blindness and total color blindness. , 1957, A.M.A. archives of ophthalmology.

[88]  W. Zeman Batten disease: ocular features, differential diagnosis and diagnosis by enzyme analysis. , 1976, Birth defects original article series.

[89]  R. Sengers,et al.  Cardiomyopathy and Short Stature Associated with Mitochondrial and/or Lipid Storage Myopathy of Skeletal Muscle , 1976, Neuropadiatrie.

[90]  J. Sebag,et al.  The Alström syndrome: ophthalmic histopathology and retinal ultrastructure. , 1984, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[91]  E. Auerbach,et al.  Syndrome of congenital high myopia with nyctalopia. Report of findings in 25 families. , 1970, American journal of ophthalmology.

[92]  A. Tongue,et al.  Ophthalmic manifestations of infantile phytanic acid storage disease. , 1984, Archives of ophthalmology.

[93]  M. Price,et al.  X-linked congenital stationary night blindness with myopia and nystagmus without clinical complaints of nyctalopia. , 1988, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

[94]  R. Carr,et al.  Leber's congenital amaurosis. , 1977, American journal of ophthalmology.

[95]  A. Rosenbaum,et al.  Loss of electroretinographic oscillatory potentials, optic atrophy, and dysplasia in congenital stationary night blindness. , 1983, American journal of ophthalmology.

[96]  A. Sorsby HEREDO-RETINOPATHIA CONGENITALIS , 1958 .

[97]  L. Bard,et al.  Retinal involvement in thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy. , 1978, Archives of ophthalmology.

[98]  C. Raitta,et al.  OPHTHALMOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN INFANTILE TYPE OF SO‐CALLED NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS , 1973, Acta ophthalmologica.

[99]  K. Nott Sensory deprivation and brain development. The avian visual system as a model , 1973 .

[100]  J. Schappert-Kimmijser,et al.  ON VARIOUS RECESSIVE BIOTYPES OF LEBER'S CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS * , 1963, Acta ophthalmologica.

[101]  J. Opitz,et al.  Prenatal diagnosis of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses. , 1985, American journal of medical genetics.

[102]  B. Rosner,et al.  Color plates to help identify patients with blue cone monochromatism. , 1983, American journal of ophthalmology.

[103]  H. Moser,et al.  Ocular histopathologic studies of neonatal and childhood adrenoleukodystrophy. , 1983, American journal of ophthalmology.

[104]  Y. Kishimoto,et al.  New phenotypic variant of adrenoleukodystrophy Pathologic, ultrastructural, and biochemical study in two brothers , 1980, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[105]  A. Pinckers Leber's congenital amaurosis as conceived by Leber. , 1979, Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde.

[106]  R. Ellis,et al.  A Syndrome Characterized by Ectodermal Dysplasia, Polydactyly, Chondro-Dysplasia and Congenital Morbus Cordis , 1940, Archives of disease in childhood.

[107]  C. Keith Retinal atrophy in osteopetrosis. , 1968, Archives of ophthalmology.

[108]  E. Cotroneo,et al.  Joubert Syndrome: a Case Confirmed by Computerized Tomography , 1980, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[109]  J. Bateman,et al.  Classification of congenital and early onset retinitis pigmentosa. , 1985, Archives of ophthalmology.

[110]  A. Franceschetti,et al.  Importance diagnostique et pronostique de l'électrorétinogramme (ERG) dans les dégénérescences tapéto-rétiniennes avec rétrécissement du champ visuel et héméralopie , 1954 .