Abstract When it comes to novel biomaterials and biomedical devices, thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers represent a suitable choice, mainly thanks to their intrinsic mechanical behavior, chemical stability, physicochemical versatility, and functional tunability. In addition, plastics possess attractive and indisputable features which recommend them for such particular use, including facile processability, substantial production, financial efficiency, impressive sterilization susceptibility, and the ability to induce or enhance biomaterial-related functionality. As the reader may be familiar with, the main difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers relies on their compositional, structural, and functional modifications once certain temperature values are reached. Whether we are considering research or industry fields, the successful use of plastics was reported in various biomedical applications, including coating current medical devices, designing and fabricating novel biomedical devices, selective and accurate detection and diagnosis, specific drug and gene delivery vehicles, engineering personalized platforms for restorative or regenerative applications. Given the impressive and promising implications of plastics within modern biomedicine, the aim of this chapter it to provide a general overview regarding the current technological progress reported in thermoplastics and thermosets. Furthermore, a particular attention is directed toward plastics-based biomaterials and biomedical devices, as well as on the leading representatives of thermoresponsive biopolymers.