Quantifying carbon stores and decomposition in dead wood: A review

[1]  M. Harmon,et al.  Buried Wood: A Common Yet Poorly Documented Form of Deadwood , 2015, Ecosystems.

[2]  P. Miles.  Specific Gravity and Other Properties of Wood and Bark for 156 Tree Species Found in North America , 2015 .

[3]  M. Harmon,et al.  Woody Detritus Density and Density Reduction Factors for Tree Species in the United States: A Synthesis , 2015 .

[4]  D. Bebber,et al.  Edge effects on moisture reduce wood decomposition rate in a temperate forest , 2015, Global change biology.

[5]  Corey R. Halpin,et al.  Classification and dynamics of developmental stages in late-successional temperate forests , 2014 .

[6]  C. Woodall,et al.  Technical Note: Linking climate change and downed woody debris decomposition across forests of the eastern United States , 2014 .

[7]  J. Bowyer,et al.  Forest Carbon Accounting Considerations in US Bioenergy Policy , 2014 .

[8]  J. Saborowski,et al.  Efficient integration of a deadwood inventory into an existing forest inventory carried out as two-phase sampling for stratification , 2014 .

[9]  Johan Holmgren,et al.  Detection of windthrown trees using airborne laser scanning , 2014, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinformation.

[10]  J. R. King,et al.  Climate fails to predict wood decomposition at regional scales , 2014 .

[11]  M. Russell.  Influence of prior distributions and random effects on count regression models: implications for estimating standing dead tree abundance , 2015, Environmental and Ecological Statistics.

[12]  Nicole M. Vaillant,et al.  The effectiveness and limitations of fuel modeling using the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. , 2014 .

[13]  T. B. Lynch.  Use of an antithetic variate for better location of upper-stem height measurements with critical height and importance sampling in horizontal line sampling. , 2014 .

[14]  E. Shorohova,et al.  Mineralization and fragmentation rates of bark attached to logs in a northern boreal forest , 2014 .

[15]  K. Skog,et al.  Residence Times and Decay Rates of Downed Woody Debris Biomass/Carbon in Eastern US Forests , 2014, Ecosystems.

[16]  G. Ståhl,et al.  The choice of definition has a large effect on reported quantities of dead wood in boreal forest , 2014 .

[17]  E. Næsset,et al.  Forestry applications of airborne laser scanning : concepts and case studies , 2014 .

[18]  E. Næsset,et al.  Assessing Dead Wood by Airborne Laser Scanning , 2014 .

[19]  S. Running,et al.  Ch. 7: Forests. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment , 2014 .

[20]  G. Yohe,et al.  Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment , 2014 .

[21]  J. Ganey,et al.  Trends in snag populations in Northern Arizona mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 1997-2012 , 2014 .

[22]  S. Running,et al.  Forests [Chapter 7] , 2014 .

[23]  D. Schaefer,et al.  What controls the variability of wood-decay rates , 2013 .

[24]  L. Heath,et al.  Carbon factors and models for forest carbon estimates for the 2005-2011 National Greenhouse Gas Inventories of the United States , 2013 .

[25]  G. Domke,et al.  Biomass and carbon attributes of downed woody materials in forests of the United States , 2013 .

[26]  J. Gove,et al.  An antithetic variate to facilitate upper-stem height measurements for critical height sampling with importance sampling , 2013 .

[27]  Fugui Wang,et al.  Global sensitivity analysis of a modified CENTURY model for simulating impacts of harvesting fine woody biomass for bioenergy. , 2013 .

[28]  Han Y. H. Chen,et al.  Deadwood Density of Five Boreal Tree Species in Relation to Field-Assigned Decay Class , 2013 .

[29]  John B. Bradford,et al.  Woody Debris Volume Depletion Through Decay: Implications for Biomass and Carbon Accounting , 2013, Ecosystems.

[30]  G. Domke,et al.  From Models to Measurements: Comparing Downed Dead Wood Carbon Stock Estimates in the U.S. Forest Inventory , 2013, PloS one.

[31]  M. Harmon,et al.  Carbon concentration of standing and downed woody detritus: Effects of tree taxa, decay class, position, and tissue type , 2013 .

[32]  A. D’Amato,et al.  Impacts of post-harvest slash and live-tree retention on biomass and nutrient stocks in Populus tremuloides Michx.-dominated forests, northern Minnesota, USA. , 2013 .

[33]  C. Woodall,et al.  Estimates of downed woody debris decay class transitions for forests across the eastern United States , 2013 .

[34]  Rachel Opitz,et al.  Airborne Laser Scanning , 2013 .

[35]  Jay,et al.  GUIDELINES for MEASUREMENTS of WOODY DETRITUS • zn FOREST ECOSYSTEMS , 2013 .

[36]  J. Gove,et al.  Distance-limited perpendicular distance sampling for coarse woody debris: theory and field results , 2013 .

[37]  J. Gove,et al.  A comprehensive comparison of perpendicular distance sampling methods for sampling downed coarse woody debris , 2013 .

[38]  A. Weiskittel,et al.  Assessing and modeling snag survival and decay dynamics for the primary species in the Acadian forest of Maine, USA , 2012 .

[39]  Joshua J. Puhlick,et al.  Assessing and modeling standing deadwood attributes under alternative silvicultural regimes in the Acadian Forest region of Maine, USA , 2012 .

[40]  N. Bird,et al.  Is woody bioenergy carbon neutral? A comparative assessment of emissions from consumption of woody bioenergy and fossil fuel , 2012 .

[41]  J. Gove,et al.  A distance limited method for sampling downed coarse woody debris , 2012 .

[42]  C. Woodall,et al.  Tracking downed dead wood in forests over time: Development of a piece matching algorithm for line intercept sampling , 2012 .

[43]  Hailemariam Temesgen,et al.  A comparison of selected parametric and imputation methods for estimating snag density and snag quality attributes , 2012 .

[44]  S. Fraver,et al.  Stand and cohort structures of old‐growth Pinus resinosa‐dominated forests of northern Minnesota, USA , 2012 .

[45]  P. Beets,et al.  Decomposition of coarse woody roots and branches in managed Pinus radiata plantations in New Zealand - A time series approach , 2012 .

[46]  Jogeir N. Stokland,et al.  Biodiversity in dead wood. , 2012 .

[47]  Robert S. Seymour,et al.  Regional stem taper equations for eleven conifer species in the Acadian Region of North America: development and assessment. , 2012 .

[48]  M. Dobbertin,et al.  Dead wood volume to dead wood carbon: the issue of conversion factors , 2012, European Journal of Forest Research.

[49]  S. Gower,et al.  Interactions of temperature and moisture with respiration from coarse woody debris in experimental forest canopy gaps , 2012 .

[50]  J. Cornelissen,et al.  Interspecific differences in wood decay rates: insights from a new short‐term method to study long‐term wood decomposition , 2012 .

[51]  P. Drapeau,et al.  Morphological attributes and snag classification of four North American boreal tree species: Relationships with time since death and wood density , 2012 .

[52]  D. W. MacFarlane,et al.  Comparing field- and model-based standing dead tree carbon stock estimates across forests of the US , 2012 .

[53]  Francis A. Roesch,et al.  Monitoring Across Borders: 2010 Joint Meeting of the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Symposium and the Southern Mensurationists , 2012 .

[54]  D. MacFarlane,et al.  The zero inflation of standing dead tree carbon stocks , 2012 .

[55]  R. Vargas,et al.  Heterotrophic respiration in disturbed forests: A review with examples from North America , 2011 .

[56]  Christopher Potter,et al.  Simulating the impacts of disturbances on forest carbon cycling in North America: processes, data, models, and challenges , 2011 .

[57]  G. Domke,et al.  Accounting for density reduction and structural loss in standing dead trees: Implications for forest biomass and carbon stock estimates in the United States , 2011, Carbon balance and management.

[58]  J. Bowyer,et al.  Managing Forests because Carbon Matters: Integrating Energy, Products, and Land Management Policy , 2011, Journal of Forestry.

[59]  A. D’Amato,et al.  Regeneration responses to gap size and coarse woody debris within natural disturbance-based silvicultural systems in northeastern Minnesota, USA , 2011 .

[60]  M. G. Ryan,et al.  A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the United States. , 2011, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[61]  Jerome K. Vanclay,et al.  Forest Growth and Yield Modeling , 2011 .

[62]  Leif Gustavsson,et al.  Time-dependent climate benefits of using forest residues to substitute fossil fuels , 2011 .

[63]  Francis A. Roesch,et al.  Sampling a Tree for Total Volume, Biomass, and Carbon , 2011 .

[64]  J. Gove,et al.  On fixed-area plot sampling for downed coarse woody debris , 2011 .

[65]  G. Alexandrov,et al.  The meaning of the 'impact factor' in the case of an open-access journal , 2011, Carbon balance and management.

[66]  Malka Gorfine,et al.  Sensitivity analysis for complex ecological models - A new approach , 2011, Environ. Model. Softw..

[67]  Coeli M. Hoover,et al.  Forest Carbon Estimation Using the Forest Vegetation Simulator: Seven Things You Need to Know , 2011 .

[68]  T. Aakala.  Temporal variability of deadwood volume and quality in boreal old-growth forests , 2011 .

[69]  L. Heath,et al.  Methods and equations for estimating aboveground volume, biomass, and carbon for trees in the U.S. forest inventory, 2010 , 2011 .

[70]  S. Fraver,et al.  Spatio-Temporal Variation of Coarse Woody Debris Input in Woodland Key Habitats in Central Sweden , 2011 .

[71]  M. Harmon,et al.  Differences between standing and downed dead tree wood density reduction factors: A comparison across decay classes and tree species , 2011 .

[72]  C. Scott,et al.  Taper models for commercial tree species in the northeastern United States. , 2010 .

[73]  H. Muller‐Landau,et al.  Comparison of decay classification, knife test, and two penetrometers for estimating wood density of coarse woody debris , 2010 .

[74]  T. Aakala.  Coarse woody debris in late-successional Picea abies forests in northern Europe: Variability in quantities and models of decay class dynamics , 2010 .

[75]  S. Fraver,et al.  Natural development and regeneration of a Central European montane spruce forest , 2010 .

[76]  David L. R. Affleck.  On the efficiency of line intersect distance sampling , 2010 .

[77]  Göran Ståhl,et al.  Critical length sampling: a method to estimate the volume of downed coarse woody debris , 2010, European Journal of Forest Research.

[78]  A. Paletto,et al.  Deadwood density variation with decay class in seven tree species of the Italian Alps , 2010 .

[79]  Christopher Baraloto,et al.  Modeling decay rates of dead wood in a neotropical forest , 2010, Oecologia.

[80]  J. Westfall.  New Models for Predicting Diameter at Breast Height from Stump Dimensions , 2010 .

[81]  A. D’Amato,et al.  The influence of cutting cycle and stocking level on the structure and composition of managed old-growth northern hardwoods. , 2010 .

[82]  C. Woodall.  Carbon Flux of Down Woody Materials in Forests of the North Central United States , 2010 .

[83]  P. Drapeau,et al.  Snag degradation pathways of four North American boreal tree species , 2010 .

[84]  Robert J. Ross,et al.  Wood handbook : wood as an engineering material , 2010 .

[85]  M. G. Ryan,et al.  A synthesis of the science on forests and carbon for U.S. Forests , 2010 .

[86]  M. Harmon,et al.  Evaluation of techniques for determining the density of fine woody debris , 2010 .

[87]  A. Hudak,et al.  Mapping snags and understory shrubs for a LiDAR-based assessment of wildlife habitat suitability , 2009 .

[88]  C. Woodall,et al.  Relationships between the stocking levels of live trees and dead tree attributes in forests of the United States , 2009 .

[89]  M. Ducey.  Sampling trees with probability nearly proportional to biomass. , 2009 .

[90]  S. Allison,et al.  Plant traits and wood fates across the globe: rotted, burned, or consumed? , 2009 .

[91]  H. Temesgen,et al.  Estimating cavity tree and snag abundance using negative binomial regression models and nearest neighbor imputation methods , 2009 .

[92]  G. Ståhl,et al.  Estimating Dead Wood During National Forest Inventories: A Review of Inventory Methodologies and Suggestions for Harmonization , 2009, Environmental management.

[93]  M. Moroni,et al.  Snag dynamics in post-harvest landscapes of western Newfoundland balsam fir-dominated boreal forests , 2009 .

[94]  S. Grove,et al.  Log decomposition rates in Tasmanian Eucalyptus obliqua determined using an indirect chronosequence approach. , 2009 .

[95]  Nicholas C. Coops,et al.  Estimation of standing dead tree class distributions in northwest coastal forests using lidar remote sensing , 2009 .

[96]  M. Hanewinkel,et al.  Predicting constant decay rates of coarse woody debris - a meta-analysis approach with a mixed model. , 2009 .

[97]  M. G. Ryan,et al.  Detrital carbon pools in temperate forests: magnitude and potential for landscape-scale assessment , 2009 .

[98]  Annika Kangas,et al.  Comparison of field sampling methods for assessing coarse woody debris and use of airborne laser scanning as auxiliary information , 2009 .

[99]  N. Bartsch,et al.  Decay dynamic of coarse and fine woody debris of a beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest in Central Germany , 2009, European Journal of Forest Research.

[100]  Harold E. Burkhart,et al.  Modeling production and decay of coarse woody debris in loblolly pine plantations. , 2009 .

[101]  S. Fraver,et al.  Forest history and the development of old-growth characteristics in fragmented boreal forests. , 2009 .

[102]  A. Taylor,et al.  Widespread Increase of Tree Mortality Rates in the Western United States , 2009, Science.

[103]  S. Stehman,et al.  Estimating density from surveys employing unequal-area belt transects , 2000, Wetlands.

[104]  Sandra A. Brown,et al.  Decomposition of silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) woody debris in a central illinois bottomland forest , 1995, Wetlands.

[105]  J. Hyyppä,et al.  Airborne Laser Scanning , 2009 .

[106]  M. Harmon.  Woody Detritus its Contribution to Carbon Dynamics of Old-Growth Forests: the Temporal Context , 2009 .

[107]  David A. Coomes,et al.  Global wood density database , 2009 .

[108]  Mark H. Hansen,et al.  Investigation into calculating tree biomass and carbon in the FIADB using a biomass expansion factor approach , 2009 .

[109]  M. Heimann,et al.  Old-Growth Forests , 2009 .

[110]  M. Harmon.  Chapter 8 Woody Detritus Mass and its Contribution to Carbon Dynamics of Old-Growth Forests : the Temporal Context , 2009 .

[111]  M. Heimann,et al.  Old-growth forests : function, fate and value , 2009 .

[112]  Christian Wirth,et al.  Global meta-analysis of wood decomposition rates: a role for trait variation among tree species? , 2009, Ecology letters.

[113]  Mark C. Vanderwel,et al.  Contrasting downed woody debris dynamics in managed and unmanaged northern hardwood stands , 2008 .

[114]  C. Woodall,et al.  Relationships between forest fine and coarse woody debris carbon stocks across latitudinal gradients in the United States as an indicator of climate change effects , 2008 .

[115]  Jeffrey H. Gove,et al.  Dating tree mortality using log decay in the White Mountains of New Hampshire , 2008 .

[116]  David L. R. Affleck.  A line intersect distance sampling strategy for downed wood inventory , 2008 .

[117]  D. Foster,et al.  The influence of successional processes and disturbance on the structure of Tsuga canadensis forests. , 2008, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[118]  J. Gove,et al.  Simultaneous unbiased estimates of multiple downed wood attributes in perpendicular distance sampling , 2008 .

[119]  S. Gower,et al.  Decomposition and Fragmentation of Coarse Woody Debris: Re-visiting a Boreal Black Spruce Chronosequence , 2008, Ecosystems.

[120]  Duncan C. Lutes,et al.  End-point diameter and total length coarse woody debris models for the United States , 2008 .

[121]  C. Woodall,et al.  Climatic regions as an indicator of forest coarse and fine woody debris carbon stocks in the United States , 2008, Carbon Balance and Management.

[122]  Petteri Packalen,et al.  Airborne laser scanning-based prediction of coarse woody debris volumes in a conservation area , 2008 .

[123]  E. Johnson,et al.  Testing the assumptions of chronosequences in succession. , 2008, Ecology letters.

[124]  T. Kuuluvainen,et al.  Standing dead trees and their decay-class dynamics in the northeastern boreal old-growth forests of Quebec , 2008 .

[125]  M. Dannoura,et al.  Spatial variation in respiration from coarse woody debris in a temperate secondary broad-leaved forest in Japan , 2008 .

[126]  C. Woodall,et al.  Controlling coarse woody debris inventory quality: taper and relative size methods , 2008 .

[127]  M. Żywiec,et al.  Modeling the decay of coarse woody debris in a subalpine Norway spruce forest of the West Carpathians, Poland , 2008 .

[128]  T. Kuuluvainen,et al.  Tree Mortality Agents in Pristine Norway Spruce Forests in Northern Fennoscandia , 2008 .

[129]  J. Gove,et al.  Estimating the carbon in coarse woody debris with perpendicular distance sampling. Chapter 6 , 2008 .

[130]  C. Hoover.  Field measurements for forest carbon monitoring: a landscape-scale approach , 2008 .

[131]  James A. Westfall,et al.  Measurement repeatability of a large-scale inventory of forest fuels , 2007 .

[132]  R. D. Nyland,et al.  Cavity Trees, Snags, and Selection Cutting: A Northern Hardwood Case Study . , 2007 .

[133]  Clare E. Kazanski,et al.  Coarse woody debris and the carbon balance of a north temperate forest , 2007 .

[134]  S. Fraver,et al.  Refining volume estimates of down woody debris , 2007 .

[135]  Duncan S. Wilson,et al.  Snag longevity under alternative silvicultural regimes in mixed-species forests of central Maine , 2007 .

[136]  R. Schlaepfer,et al.  Log decay of Picea abies in the Swiss Jura Mountains of central Europe , 2007 .

[137]  Decay progression and classification in two old-growth forests in Atlantic Canada , 2007 .

[138]  M. Dannoura,et al.  The carbon budget of coarse woody debris in a temperate broad-leaved secondary forest in Japan , 2007 .

[139]  James T. Bones,et al.  A history of U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service forest survey, 1830-2004 , 2007 .

[140]  T. Kuuluvainen,et al.  Trees dying standing in the northeastern boreal old-growth forests of Quebec: spatial patterns, rates, and temporal variation , 2007 .

[141]  Mark C. Vanderwel,et al.  Snag dynamics in partially harvested and unmanaged northern hardwood forests , 2006 .

[142]  H. Mäkinen,et al.  Predicting the decomposition of Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch stems in Finland. , 2006, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[143]  Göran Ståhl,et al.  Coarse Woody Debris , 2006 .

[144]  M. Yamasaki,et al.  Snag longevity in managed northern hardwoods , 2006 .

[145]  Greg Ridgeway,et al.  Generalized Boosted Models: A guide to the gbm package , 2006 .

[146]  J. Gove,et al.  Field efficiency and bias of snag inventory methods , 2005 .

[147]  Nicholas L. Crookston,et al.  The forest vegetation simulator: A review of its structure, content, and applications , 2005 .

[148]  J. Gove,et al.  Critical point relascope sampling for unbiased volume estimation of downed coarse woody debris , 2005 .

[149]  Jeffrey H. Gove,et al.  Assessing surface area of coarse woody debris with line intersect and perpendicular distance sampling , 2005 .

[150]  W. Bitterlich,et al.  Die Winkelzählprobe , 1952, Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt.

[151]  J. Ganey,et al.  Changes in snag populations in northern Arizona mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 1997-2002 , 2005 .

[152]  S. Zhang,et al.  Variable-exponent taper equations for jack pine, black spruce, and balsam fir in eastern Canada , 2004 .

[153]  R. Keenan,et al.  Analysis of sampling methods for coarse woody debris , 2004 .

[154]  Jeffrey H. Gove,et al.  Comparing line-intersect, fixed-area, and point relascope sampling for dead and downed coarse woody material in a managed northern hardwood forest , 2004 .

[155]  Ken Olaf Storaunet.  Models to predict time since death of Picea abies Snags , 2004 .

[156]  T. Gregoire,et al.  Sampling Strategies for Natural Resources and the Environment , 2004 .

[157]  C. Prescott,et al.  Decay and nutrient dynamics of coarse woody debris in northern coniferous forests: a synthesis , 2004 .

[158]  J. Rolstad,et al.  How long do Norway spruce snags stand? Evaluating four estimation methods , 2004 .

[159]  L. Condron,et al.  Decomposition and nutrient release from radiata pine (Pinus radiata) coarse woody debris , 2004 .

[160]  M. Harmon,et al.  The influence of decomposing logs on soil biology and nutrient cycling in an old-growth mixed coniferous forest in Oregon, U.S.A. , 2003 .

[161]  S. Lamlom,et al.  A reassessment of carbon content in wood: variation within and between 41 North American species , 2003 .

[162]  Daniel P. Bebber,et al.  Prism sweeps for coarse woody debris , 2003 .

[163]  J. Gove,et al.  Perpendicular distance sampling: an alternative method for sampling downed coarse woody debris , 2003 .

[164]  J. Gove,et al.  A field test of point relascope sampling of down coarse woody material in managed stands in the Acadian Forest. , 2003 .

[165]  J. Bauhus,et al.  Decomposition rates of coarse woody debris—A review with particular emphasis on Australian tree species , 2003 .

[166]  I. C. Prentice,et al.  Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model , 2003 .

[167]  R. Birdsey,et al.  National-Scale Biomass Estimators for United States Tree Species , 2003, Forest Science.

[168]  J. Bauhus,et al.  Density loss and respiration rates in coarse woody debris of Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans and Eucalyptus maculata , 2003 .

[169]  R. McGaughey.  photo-Creating Visual Simulations of Fuel Conditions Predicted by the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator , 2003 .

[170]  F. Wagner,et al.  Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry , 2003 .

[171]  S. Gower,et al.  Annual carbon flux from woody debris for a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence , 2002 .

[172]  S. Fraver,et al.  Dynamics of coarse woody debris following gap harvesting in the Acadian forest of central Maine, U.S.A. , 2002 .

[173]  J. Rolstad,et al.  Time since death and fall of Norway spruce logs in old-growth and selectively cut boreal forest , 2002 .

[174]  S. Gower,et al.  Environmental controls on carbon dioxide flux from black spruce coarse woody debris , 2002, Oecologia.

[175]  J. Gove,et al.  A practical modification of horizontal line sampling for snag and cavity tree inventory , 2002 .

[176]  G. Ståhl,et al.  A STAGE‐BASED MATRIX MODEL FOR DECAY‐CLASS DYNAMICS OF WOODY DEBRIS , 2002 .

[177]  Karen L. Waddell,et al.  Sampling coarse woody debris for multiple attributes in extensive resource inventories , 2002 .

[178]  Sandra A. Brown.  Measuring carbon in forests: current status and future challenges. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[179]  M. Harmon.  Moving towards a New Paradigm for Woody Detritus Management 1 , 2002 .

[180]  J. Friedman.  Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine. , 2001 .

[181]  Timothy G. Gregoire,et al.  Monte Carlo approaches to sampling forested tracts with lines or points , 2001 .

[182]  J. Gove,et al.  Point Relascope Sampling: A New Way to Assess Downed Coarse Woody Debris. , 2001 .

[183]  J. Chambers,et al.  Respiration from coarse wood litter in central Amazon forests , 2001 .

[184]  Rattan Lal,et al.  Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry , 2015 .

[185]  Juha Siitonen,et al.  Species richness of Coleoptera in mature managed and old-growth boreal forests in southern Finland , 2000 .

[186]  M. Harmon,et al.  Decomposition vectors: a new approach to estimating woody detritus decomposition dynamics , 2000 .

[187]  N. Higuchi,et al.  Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon , 2000, Oecologia.

[188]  James K. Brown,et al.  Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora , 2000 .

[189]  Göran Ståhl,et al.  Point relascope sampling of downed coarse woody debris , 1999 .

[190]  Raija Laiho,et al.  The contribution of coarse woody debris to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in three Rocky Mountain coniferous forests , 1999 .

[191]  X. Yin.  The decay of forest woody debris: numerical modeling and implications based on some 300 data cases from North America , 1999, Oecologia.

[192]  D. Huggard.  STATIC LIFE‐TABLE ANALYSIS OF FALL RATES OF SUBALPINE FIR SNAGS , 1999 .

[193]  M. Kirschbaum,et al.  CenW, a forest growth model with linked carbon, energy, nutrient and water cycles , 1999 .

[194]  Erik Næsset,et al.  Decomposition rate constants of Picea abies logs in southeastern Norway , 1999 .

[195]  G. Robertson,et al.  Measuring decomposition, nutrient turnover, and stores in plant litter. , 1999 .

[196]  D. F. Grigal,et al.  Effects of timber harvesting on coarse woody debris in red pine forests across the Great Lakes states, U.S.A. , 1999 .

[197]  Charlotte Pyle,et al.  A rapid system of decay classification for hardwood logs of the eastern deciduous forest floor , 1998 .

[198]  Philip C. Lee.  Dynamics of snags in aspen-dominated midboreal forests , 1998 .

[199]  G. Ståhl,et al.  Transect relascope sampling: A method for the quantification of coarse woody debris , 1998 .

[200]  J. Pastor,et al.  Nitrogen content, decay rates, and decompositional dynamics of hollow versus solid hardwood logs in hardwood forests of Minnesota, U.S.A. , 1998 .

[201]  J. N. Long,et al.  COARSE WOODY DEBRIS AS A FUNCTION OF AGE, STAND STRUCTURE, AND DISTURBANCE IN BOREAL NEWFOUNDLAND , 1997 .

[202]  R. Edmonds,et al.  Coarse woody debris and soil respiration in a clearcut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A. , 1996 .

[203]  Valery B. Temnuhin.  Preliminary quantitative estimation of wood decomposition by fungi in a Russian temperate pine forest , 1996 .

[204]  M. Harmon,et al.  Dynamics of the dead wood carbon pool in northwestern Russian boreal forests , 1995 .

[205]  J. Spitzer,et al.  CARBON BALANCE OF BIOENERGY FROM LOGGING RESIDUES , 1995 .

[206]  T. Crow,et al.  Dynamics of dead wood in old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests of northern Wisconsin and northern Michigan , 1994 .

[207]  John Pastor,et al.  Decomposition of aspen, spruce, and pine boles on two sites in Minnesota , 1993 .

[208]  D. Greene,et al.  A method for studying dead bole dynamics in Pinus contorta var. latifolia ‐ Picea engelmannii forests , 1991 .

[209]  M. Harmon,et al.  Effects on Carbon Storage of Conversion of Old-Growth Forests to Young Forests , 1990, Science.

[210]  D. Hann,et al.  Bark Thickness and Bark Volume in Southwestern , 1990 .

[211]  D. Hann,et al.  Bark Thickness and Bark Volume in Southwestern Oregon Douglas-Fir , 1990 .

[212]  Fuqing Han.  Sampling theory for forest inventory, a teach-yourself course , 1989 .

[213]  Jerry F. Franklin,et al.  Coarse Woody Debris in Douglas-Fir Forests of Western Oregon and Washington , 1988 .

[214]  L. Söderström.  Sequence of bryophytes and lichens in relation to substrate variables of decaying coniferous wood in Northern Sweden , 1988 .

[215]  Mark E. Harmon,et al.  Coarse woody debris in mixed-conifer forests, Sequoia National Park, California , 1987 .

[216]  W. Swank,et al.  Decomposition of woody debris in a regenerating, clear-cut forest in the Southern Appalachians , 1987 .

[217]  P. G. D. Vries.  Sampling Theory for Forest Inventory: A Teach-Yourself Course , 1986 .

[218]  J. Hazard,et al.  Simulation studies on line intersect sampling of forest residue. II , 1986 .

[219]  M. Harmon,et al.  Ecology of Coarse Woody Debris in Temperate Ecosystems , 1986 .

[220]  J. Means,et al.  Comparison of decomposition models using wood density of Douglas-fir logs , 1985 .

[221]  George Z. Gertner,et al.  Effects of measurement errors on an individual tree-based growth projection system , 1984 .

[222]  L. Kaiser,et al.  Unbiased Estimation in Line-Intercept Sampling , 1983 .

[223]  Gerald E. Lang,et al.  Decomposition of red spruce and balsam fir boles in the White Mountains of New Hampshire , 1982 .

[224]  P. Sollins.  Input and decay of coarse woody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington , 1982 .

[225]  Gerhard K. Raile.  Estimating stump volume. , 1982 .

[226]  J. W. Thomas,et al.  Wildlife habitats in managed forests--the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington , 1981 .

[227]  Gerald E. Lang,et al.  Loss of mass and chemical change in decaying boles of a subalpine balsam fir forest , 1980 .

[228]  Alan B. Berg,et al.  Snag Characteristics and Dynamics in Douglas-Fir Forests, Western Oregon , 1980 .

[229]  F. Zohrer.  Fundamental sampling concepts in forest inventory. I , 1978 .

[230]  佐藤 大七郎,et al.  Forest Ecology and Management , 1999 .

[231]  James K. Brown.  Handbook for inventorying downed woody material , 1974 .

[232]  Van Wagner.  The Line Intersect Method in Forest Fuel Sampling , 1968 .

[233]  E. L. Stone,et al.  The Persistence of Decaying Wood in the Humus Layers of Northern Forests , 1966 .

[234]  W. G. Warren,et al.  A Line Intersect Technique for Assessing Logging Waste , 1964 .

[235]  J. Olson,et al.  Energy Storage and the Balance of Producers and Decomposers in Ecological Systems , 1963 .

[236]  J. T. Curtis,et al.  The Use of Distance Measures in Phytosociological Sampling , 1956 .

[237]  P. G. Moore.  Spacing in Plant Populations , 1954 .

[238]  L. R. Grosenbaugh.  Plotless Timber Estimates—New, Fast, Easy , 1952 .

[239]  H. Jenny,et al.  COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DECOMPOSITION RATES OF ORGANIC MATTER IN TEMPERATE AND TROPICAL REGIONS , 1949 .

[240]  H. McCullough.  Plant Succession on Fallen Logs in a Virgin Spruce‐Fir Forest , 1948 .

[241]  R. Sernander.  Granskär och Fiby urskog : En studie över stormluckornas och marbuskarnas betydelse i den svenska granskogens regeneration , 1936 .

[242]  G. Davis.  Measuring the Length of Coarse Woody Debris , 2022 .

[243]  S S I T C H,et al.  Evaluation of Ecosystem Dynamics, Plant Geography and Terrestrial Carbon Cycling in the Lpj Dynamic Global Vegetation Model , 2022 .