A new approach to voltage management in unbalanced low voltage networks using demand response and OLTC considering consumer preference

Abstract Voltage unbalance and magnitude violations under normal operating conditions have become main power quality problems in many low voltage (LV) distribution networks. Maintaining the voltage level in an LV network within the standard limits is the main constraining factor in increasing the network hosting ability for rooftop photovoltaic (PV). This study presents a new effective method for voltage management in unbalanced distribution networks through the implementation of optimal residential demand response (DR) and on-load tap changers (OLTCs). The proposed method minimises the compensation costs of voltage management (cost of DR and network loss), while prioritises the consumer consumption preferences for minimising their comfort level violations. A modified particle swarm optimisation algorithm (MPSO) is utilised to identify the optimal switching combination of household appliances and OLTC tap positions for the network voltage management. The proposed method is comprehensively examined on a real three-phase four-wire Australian LV network with considerable unbalanced and distributed generations. Several scenarios are investigated for improving the network voltage magnitude and unbalance considering individual and coordinated operations of DR and OLTCs (three phase tap control and independent phase tap control). Simulation results show that the coordinated approach of DR and OLTC, especially, DR integrated with OLTC independent phase tap control effectively improves the network voltage and increases the PV hosting capacity.

[1]  Johan Driesen,et al.  Load Balancing With EV Chargers and PV Inverters in Unbalanced Distribution Grids , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[2]  Na Li,et al.  Optimal Residential Demand Response in Distribution Networks , 2014, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[3]  P. Gnaciński Windings Temperature and Loss of Life of an Induction Machine Under Voltage Unbalance Combined With Over- or Undervoltages , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[4]  Nazar H. Malik,et al.  Learning Automata Algorithms for Load Scheduling , 2013 .

[5]  A.K. Singh,et al.  Some Observations on Definitions of Voltage Unbalance , 2007, 2007 39th North American Power Symposium.

[6]  Gabriel Kron,et al.  Tensor analysis of networks , 1967 .

[7]  Thillainathan Logenthiran,et al.  Demand Side Management in Smart Grid Using Heuristic Optimization , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[8]  Johan Driesen,et al.  Coordinated voltage control scheme for Flemish LV distribution grids utilizing OLTC transformers and D-STATCOM's , 2014 .

[9]  B. Banerjee,et al.  Assessment of Voltage Unbalance , 2001, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[10]  Marcos J. Rider,et al.  Volt-VAr Control and Energy Storage Device Operation to Improve the Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination in Unbalanced Distribution Networks , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[11]  V. Katic,et al.  Power Quality Problems Compensation With Universal Power Quality Conditioning System , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[12]  Ali Arefi,et al.  Penetration maximisation of residential rooftop photovoltaic using demand response , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Smart Green Technology in Electrical and Information Systems (ICSGTEIS).

[13]  Jose Medina,et al.  Demand Response and Distribution Grid Operations: Opportunities and Challenges , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[14]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Voltage Unbalance Reduction in Low Voltage Feeders by Dynamic Switching of Residential Customers Among Three Phases , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[15]  S. Fathi,et al.  Distribution harmonic state estimation based on a modified PSO considering parameters uncertainty , 2011, 2011 IEEE Trondheim PowerTech.

[16]  Mohammad Naim Rastgoo,et al.  A Hybrid of Modified PSO and Local Search on a Multi-Robot Search System , 2015 .

[17]  Gerard Ledwich,et al.  An efficient forward-backward algorithm to MSDEPP including batteries and voltage control devices , 2014, 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition.

[18]  Peter J. Wolfs,et al.  A Hybrid Model for Residential Loads in a Distribution System With High PV Penetration , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[19]  Javad Olamaei,et al.  Loss reduction experiences in electric power distribution companies of Iran , 2012 .

[20]  Mohammad A. S. Masoum,et al.  Optimal PV Inverter Reactive Power Control and Real Power Curtailment to Improve Performance of Unbalanced Four-Wire LV Distribution Networks , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[21]  Lin Cheng,et al.  Mitigating Voltage Problem in Distribution System With Distributed Solar Generation Using Electric Vehicles , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[22]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Optimal distribution network reinforcement considering load growth, line loss and reliability , 2013, 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[23]  Jinjun Liu,et al.  Strategies and Operating Point Optimization of STATCOM Control for Voltage Unbalance Mitigation in Three-Phase Three-Wire Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[24]  Arnaud Latiers,et al.  Residential demand management and distribution grid impact assessment , 2015 .

[25]  F. Alvarado,et al.  Using Utility Information to Calibrate Customer Demand Management Behavior Models , 2001, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[26]  J. Teng A direct approach for distribution system load flow solutions , 2003 .

[27]  Maurice Clerc,et al.  The particle swarm - explosion, stability, and convergence in a multidimensional complex space , 2002, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput..

[28]  G. M. Shafiullah,et al.  Demand response opportunities in residential sector incorporated with smart load monitoring system , 2016, 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia).

[29]  Frank Marten,et al.  Improved low voltage grid-integration of photovoltaic systems in Germany , 2013, 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[30]  Muhammad Babar,et al.  Consolidated demand bid model and strategy in constrained Direct Load Control program , 2015, 2015 IEEE 8th GCC Conference & Exhibition.

[31]  Ehab F. El-Saadany,et al.  Managing Demand for Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Unbalanced LV Systems With Photovoltaics , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[32]  Houman Pezeshki,et al.  Voltage balance improvement in urban low voltage distribution networks , 2015 .

[33]  Nandkishor Kinhekar,et al.  Particle swarm optimization based demand response for residential consumers , 2015, 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[34]  Ardiaty Arief,et al.  An Analytical Method for Optimal Capacitors Placement from the Inversed Reduced Jacobian Matrix , 2016 .

[35]  Johan Driesen,et al.  Phase switching and phase balancing to cope with a massive photovoltaic penetration , 2013 .

[36]  Johan Driesen,et al.  Optimization control scheme utilizing small-scale distributed generators and OLTC distribution transformers , 2016 .

[37]  Youbing Zhang,et al.  Optimal energy flow control strategy for a residential energy local network combined with demand-side management and real-time pricing , 2017 .

[38]  Mihaela van der Schaar,et al.  Dynamic Incentive Design for Participation in Direct Load Scheduling Programs , 2014, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[39]  Pedro Faria,et al.  Day-ahead resource scheduling including demand response for electric vehicles , 2013, 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition.

[40]  Mattia Marinelli,et al.  Voltage management in unbalanced low voltage networks using a decoupled phase-tap-changer transformer , 2014, 2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC).

[41]  Tomohiro Hayashida,et al.  Electricity retail market model with flexible price settings and elastic price-based demand responses by consumers in distribution network , 2016 .

[42]  Pedro Faria,et al.  Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Applied to Integrated Demand Response and DG Resources Scheduling , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[43]  Gerard Ledwich,et al.  A New Risk-Managed Planning of Electric Distribution Network Incorporating Customer Engagement and Temporary Solutions , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.