The evolution of the hard X-ray luminosity function of AGN

We present new observational determinations of the evolution of the 2–10 keV X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of active galactic nuclei (AGN). We utilize data from a number of surveys including both the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Fields and the AEGIS-X 200 ks survey, enabling accurate measurements of the evolution of the faint end of the XLF. We combine direct, hard X-ray selection and spectroscopic follow-up or photometric redshift estimates at z 50 per cent of black hole growth takes place at z > 1 , with around half in L_X < 10^(44) erg s^(−1) AGN.

[1]  A. Mazure,et al.  The VIMOS VLT deep survey , 2001, 0903.0271.

[2]  T. Takahashi,et al.  log N-log S Relations and Spectral Properties of Sources from the ASCA Large Sky Survey: Their Implications for the Origin of the Cosmic X-Ray Background (CXB) , 1999, astro-ph/9901101.

[3]  P. J. Wheatley,et al.  The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey - IV. Optical identification of the XMM-Newton medium sensitivity survey (XMS) , 2007, 0710.0402.

[4]  A. Kinney,et al.  The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-forming Galaxies , 1999, astro-ph/9911459.

[5]  P. Hopkins,et al.  The Evolution in the Faint-End Slope of the Quasar Luminosity Function , 2005, astro-ph/0508299.

[6]  N. Benı́tez Bayesian Photometric Redshift Estimation , 1998, astro-ph/9811189.

[7]  H. Tananbaum,et al.  The Luminosity Function of X-Ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei: Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes at High Redshift , 2007, 0710.2461.

[8]  C. Steidel,et al.  The Faint End of the QSO Luminosity Function at z = 3 , 2003, astro-ph/0312041.

[9]  Roberto Gilmozzi,et al.  Chandra Deep Field South: The 1 Ms Catalog , 2002 .

[10]  P. Hopkins,et al.  A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies. I. Galaxy Mergers and Quasar Activity , 2007, 0706.1243.

[11]  D. M. Alexander,et al.  Optical and Infrared Properties of the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field North X-Ray Sources , 2003, astro-ph/0306212.

[12]  On the formation of disk galaxies and massive central objects , 1998, astro-ph/9807010.

[13]  J. Dickey,et al.  H I in the Galaxy , 1990 .

[14]  B. Boyle,et al.  A deep ROSAT survey - I. The QSO X-ray luminosity function. , 1993 .

[15]  M. Giavalisco,et al.  A Deep Wide-Field, Optical, and Near-Infrared Catalog of a Large Area around the Hubble Deep Field North , 2003, astro-ph/0312635.

[16]  E. L. Wright,et al.  A Catalog of Mid-Infrared Sources in the Extended Groth Strip , 2008, 0803.0748.

[17]  K. Thorne Disk-Accretion onto a Black Hole. II. Evolution of the Hole , 1974 .

[18]  Max Pettini,et al.  A Spectroscopic Survey of Redshift 1.4 ≲ z ≲ 3.0 Galaxies in the GOODS-North Field: Survey Description, Catalogs, and Properties , 2006, astro-ph/0609296.

[19]  L. Cowie,et al.  New Insight on Galaxy Formation and Evolution from Keck Spectroscopy of the Hawaii Deep Fields , 1996, astro-ph/9606079.

[20]  D. M. Alexander,et al.  The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. XIII. 2 Ms Point-Source Catalogs , 2003, astro-ph/0304392.

[21]  G. Hasinger,et al.  Luminosity-dependent evolution of soft X-ray selected AGN : New Chandra and XMM-Newton surveys , 2005, astro-ph/0506118.

[22]  M. Giavalisco,et al.  Lyman Break Galaxies at Redshift z ~ 3: Survey Description and Full Data Set , 2003, astro-ph/0305378.

[23]  B. Boyle,et al.  The clustering of QSOs at low redshift , 1993 .

[24]  R. Bouwens,et al.  UV Luminosity Functions at z~4, 5, and 6 from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and Other Deep Hubble Space Telescope ACS Fields: Evolution and Star Formation History , 2007, 0707.2080.

[25]  Kevin H. Knuth,et al.  Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering: 27th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods , 2007 .

[26]  G. Richards,et al.  An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function , 2006, astro-ph/0605678.

[27]  A. Merloni,et al.  A synthesis model for AGN evolution: supermassive black holes growth and feedback modes , 2008, 0805.2499.

[28]  R. Kron Photometry of a complete sample of faint galaxies. , 1980 .

[29]  A. Kinney,et al.  Template ultraviolet to near-infrared spectra of star-forming galaxies and their application to K-corrections , 1996 .

[30]  The X-ray luminosity function of AGN at z∼ 3 , 2008, 0804.0760.

[31]  B. Guiderdoni,et al.  New spectroscopic redshifts from the CDFS and a test of the cosmological relevance of the GOODS-South field , 2006, astro-ph/0612152.

[32]  P. Hopkins,et al.  Luminosity-dependent Quasar Lifetimes: A New Interpretation of the Quasar Luminosity Function , 2005, astro-ph/0504252.

[33]  The Population of Faint Optically Selected Active Galactic Nuclei at z ~ 3 , 2002, astro-ph/0205142.

[34]  A. Fontana,et al.  The K20 survey. VII. The spectroscopic catalogue: spectral properties and evolution of the galaxy population ⋆, ⋆⋆ , 2005, astro-ph/0504248.

[35]  Mark Dickinson,et al.  The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey , 2002, astro-ph/0204213.

[36]  M. J. Page,et al.  The evolution of QSOs derived from soft X-ray surveys , 1997 .

[37]  S. M. Fall,et al.  A Possible New Population of Sources with Extreme X-Ray/Optical Ratios , 2003 .

[38]  M. Nonino,et al.  The Chandra deep field South/GOODS survey. Optically faint X-ray sources , 2005, astro-ph/0502542.

[39]  I. Smail,et al.  The All-Wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS) Data Sets , 2006, astro-ph/0607355.

[40]  L. Trouille,et al.  THE OPTX PROJECT. II. HARD X-RAY LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI FOR z ≲ 5 , 2009, 0903.4183.

[41]  N. Vogt,et al.  A Survey of Galaxy Kinematics to Z ∼ 1 in the Tkrs/goods-n Field. I. Rotation and Dispersion Properties , 2006 .

[42]  Wolfgang Voges,et al.  Optical Identification of the ASCA Large Sky Survey , 2000 .

[43]  Mark Dickinson,et al.  Multiwavelength Constraints on the Cosmic Star Formation History from Spectroscopy: The Rest-Frame Ultraviolet, Hα, and Infrared Luminosity Functions at Redshifts 1.9 ≲ z ≲ 3.4 , 2007, 0706.4091.

[44]  Ralf Bender,et al.  The mass of galaxies at low and high redshift : proceedings of the European Southern Observatory and Universitäts-Sternwarte München workshop held in Venice, Italy, 24-26 October 2001 , 2003 .

[45]  J. Trump,et al.  HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS IN THE COSMOS SURVEY: THE SPACE DENSITY OF z > 3 X-RAY SELECTED QSOs , 2008, 0809.2513.

[46]  P. Ciliegi,et al.  The HELLAS2XMM Survey. VII. The Hard X-Ray Luminosity Function of AGNs up to z = 4: More Absorbed AGNs at Low Luminosities and High Redshifts , 2005, astro-ph/0509081.

[47]  J. Silverman,et al.  Comoving Space Density of X-Ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei , 2004, astro-ph/0406330.

[48]  J. Newman,et al.  Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters Preprint typeset using L ATEX style emulateapj v. 6/22/04 AEGIS: THE COLOR-MAGNITUDE RELATION FOR X-RAY SELECTED AGN , 2006 .

[49]  A. Fabian,et al.  Piecing together the X-ray background : bolometric corrections for active galactic nuclei , 2007, 0708.4308.

[50]  G. Bruzual,et al.  Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003 , 2003, astro-ph/0309134.

[51]  B. Garilli,et al.  Accurate photometric redshifts for the CFHT legacy survey calibrated using the VIMOS VLT deep survey , 2006, astro-ph/0603217.

[52]  Max Pettini,et al.  Optical Selection of Star-forming Galaxies at Redshifts 1 < z < 3 , 2004, astro-ph/0401445.

[53]  M. Dickinson,et al.  Photometric Redshifts for Galaxies in the GOODS Southern Field , 2003, astro-ph/0309068.

[54]  P. Capak,et al.  The Cosmic Evolution of Hard X-Ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei , 2004, astro-ph/0410527.

[55]  W. Brandt,et al.  The Redshift Evolution of the 2-8 keV X-Ray Luminosity Function , 2003, astro-ph/0301231.

[56]  T. Miyaji,et al.  Soft X-ray AGN Luminosity Function from ROSAT Surveys II. Table of the binned Soft X-ray Luminosity Function , 2001, astro-ph/0101279.

[57]  S. Tremaine,et al.  Observational constraints on growth of massive black holes , 2002, astro-ph/0203082.

[58]  Yoshitaka Ishisaki,et al.  The ASCA Medium Sensitivity Survey (The GIS Catalog Project): Source Catalog II. , 2001 .

[59]  Garching,et al.  A deep VLA survey at 6 cm in the Lockman Hole , 2002, astro-ph/0211625.

[60]  J. Rhodes,et al.  A deep Chandra survey of the Groth Strip - I. The X-ray data , 2004, astro-ph/0410149.

[61]  M. Trichas,et al.  A new method for determining the sensitivity of X-ray imaging observations and the X-ray number counts , 2008, 0805.4417.

[62]  Cambridge,et al.  ∼ 4 and the Evolution of the Uv Luminosity Density at High Redshift , 2022 .

[63]  A. M. Hopkins,et al.  On the Evolution of Star-forming Galaxies , 2004, astro-ph/0407170.

[64]  A. Marconi,et al.  Local supermassive black holes, relics of active galactic nuclei and the X-ray background , 2003, astro-ph/0311619.

[65]  Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal Excitation of Activity in Galaxies by Minor Mergers , 1995 .

[66]  C. Steidel,et al.  A survey of Lyman-limit absorption in the spectra of 59 high-redshift QSOs , 1989 .

[67]  D. Weedman,et al.  Colors and magnitudes predicted for high redshift galaxies , 1980 .

[68]  Donald Hamilton,et al.  Deep imaging of high redshift QSO fields below the Lyman limit. II - Number counts and colors of field galaxies , 1993 .

[69]  L. M. M.-T. Theory of Probability , 1929, Nature.

[70]  L. Kewley,et al.  The Chandra Deep Field-South: Optical Spectroscopy. I. , 2003, astro-ph/0312324.

[71]  Will Saunders,et al.  On the likelihood ratio for source identification. , 1992 .

[72]  A. Cimatti,et al.  A catalogue of the Chandra Deep Field South with multi-colour classification and photometric redshifts from COMBO-17 , 2004, astro-ph/0403666.

[73]  A. Georgakakis,et al.  AEGIS-X: THE CHANDRA DEEP SURVEY OF THE EXTENDED GROTH STRIP , 2008, 0809.1349.

[74]  U. Hawaii,et al.  The OPTX Project. I. The Flux and Redshift Catalogs for the CLANS, CLASXS, and CDF-N Fields , 2008, 0811.0824.

[75]  D. Thompson,et al.  PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFT AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE XMM–COSMOS SOURCES , 2008, 0809.2098.

[76]  B. Weiner,et al.  AEGIS: THE CLUSTERING OF X-RAY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS RELATIVE TO GALAXIES AT z ∼ 1 , 2009, 0902.0363.

[77]  Andrzej Soƚtan,et al.  Masses of quasars , 1982 .

[78]  Toru Yamada,et al.  Optical Identification of the ASCA Medium Sensitivity Survey in the Northern Sky: Nature of Hard X-Ray-Selected Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei , 2003, astro-ph/0307164.

[79]  G. Kauffmann,et al.  A unified model for the evolution of galaxies and quasars , 1999, astro-ph/9906493.

[80]  I. Smail,et al.  THE CHANDRA DEEP FIELD-SOUTH SURVEY: 4 Ms SOURCE CATALOGS , 2008, 0806.3968.

[81]  G. Hasinger,et al.  Photometric Redshift of X-Ray Sources in the Chandra Deep Field-South , 2004, astro-ph/0406482.

[82]  C. C. Steidel,et al.  Multiwavelength Observations of Dusty Star Formation at Low and High Redshift , 2000, astro-ph/0001126.

[83]  Ofer Lahav,et al.  ANNz: Estimating Photometric Redshifts Using Artificial Neural Networks , 2004 .

[84]  Takamitsu Miyaji,et al.  Cosmological Evolution of the Hard X-Ray Active Galactic Nucleus Luminosity Function and the Origin of the Hard X-Ray Background , 2003, astro-ph/0308140.

[85]  L. Cowie,et al.  A Highly Complete Spectroscopic Survey of the GOODS-N Field , 2008, 0812.2481.

[86]  M. S. Oey,et al.  Atlas of quasar energy distributions , 1994 .

[87]  A. Connolly,et al.  SPICES II: Optical and Near-Infrared Identifications of Faint X-Ray Sources from Deep Chandra Observations of Lynx , 2002, astro-ph/0203392.

[88]  The cosmological evolution of the QSO luminosity density and of the star formation rate , 1998 .

[89]  K. Makishima,et al.  The ASCA Medium-Sensitivity Survey (The GIS Catalog Project): Source Counts and Evidence for Emerging Population of Hard Sources , 1999, astro-ph/9908128.