Overview of Microbial Therapeutic Enzymes

A B S T R A C T Enzymes possess specificity, greater affinity, and high catalytic efficiency. They are required for many chemical inter conversions that support life and speed up all the metabolic processes. These entire characteristics discern them from all other types of drugs. Due to these, enzymes are widely been used for different therapeutic purposes and enzyme therapies are acquiring much attention. Both digestive and metabolic enzymes can be used either separately or in combination with other therapies for the treatment of several diseases such as leukemia, skin ulcers, Pompe s disease, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, Parkinson s disease, Fabry s disease, inflammation, digestive disorders, pancreatic disorders etc. They are also employed in diagnosis, biochemical investigation and monitoring of many alarming diseases. Medically important enzymes produced by microorganisms have advantage of being economically feasible and consistent. They have high yield and are easy for product modification and optimization. The present review compiles the information on the sources and application of medically important enzymes produced by microorganisms and future prospects of these enzymes as drugs. K e y w o r d s Enzymes, Therapeutic, Digestive, Metabolic, Drugs

[1]  V. Muzykantov,et al.  Sustained thromboprophylaxis mediated by an RBC-targeted pro-urokinase zymogen activated at the site of clot formation. , 2010, Blood.

[2]  Q. Husain.  β Galactosidases and their potential applications: a review , 2010, Critical reviews in biotechnology.

[3]  J. Pachl,et al.  Parenterally administered dipeptide alanyl-glutamine prevents worsening of insulin sensitivity in multiple-trauma patients , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[4]  Robert Terkeltaub,et al.  Gout. Novel therapies for treatment of gout and hyperuricemia , 2009, Arthritis research & therapy.

[5]  A. Grieve.  Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine , 2006 .

[6]  M. Furui,et al.  Lipase-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis of 3-phenylglycidic acid ester, the key intermediate in the synthesis of diltiazem hydrochloride , 1993 .

[7]  A. Sabu,et al.  Sources, Properties and Applications of Microbial Therapeutic Enzymes , 2003 .

[8]  P. L. Rogers,et al.  Application of Biotechnology to Industrial Sustainability , 2005 .

[9]  S. S. St. Peter,et al.  Topical silver sulfadiazine vs collagenase ointment for the treatment of partial thickness burns in children: a prospective randomized trial. , 2012, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[10]  N. Gonzalez,et al.  Evaluation of pancreatic proteolytic enzyme treatment of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, with nutrition and detoxification support. , 1999, Nutrition and cancer.

[11]  M. Loessner,et al.  The Murein Hydrolase of the Bacteriophage φ3626 Dual Lysis System Is Active against All Tested Clostridium perfringens Strains , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[12]  S. Hashimoto,et al.  ywfE in Bacillus subtilis Codes for a Novel Enzyme, l-Amino Acid Ligase , 2005, Journal of bacteriology.

[13]  W. Clark,et al.  Sustainability science: The emerging research program , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  Ashok Pandey,et al.  From phosgene and amino acids to peptides : amino acids to peptides : on the way to success , 2000 .

[15]  L A UNDERKOFLER,et al.  Production of microbial enzymes and their applications. , 1958, Applied microbiology.

[16]  Peter H. Raven,et al.  Science, Sustainability, and the Human Prospect , 2002, Science.

[17]  J. Chander,et al.  AmpC β-lactamases in nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from India , 2012, The Indian journal of medical research.

[18]  A. Çelik,et al.  Enzymatic debridement of burn wound with collagenase in children with partial-thickness burns. , 2002, Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries.

[19]  A. Dayanand,et al.  Production of alkaline protease from Streptomyces gulbargensis and its application in removal of blood stains , 2009 .

[20]  L. Ananthanarayan,et al.  Glucose oxidase--an overview. , 2009, Biotechnology advances.

[21]  Sutapa Bose,et al.  A Broader View: Microbial Enzymes and Their Relevance in Industries, Medicine, and Beyond , 2013, BioMed research international.

[22]  B. Sujoy,et al.  Enzymology, Immobilization and Applications of Urease Enzyme , 2013 .

[23]  D. Cooney,et al.  Enzymes as therapeutic agents. , 1975, Advances in pharmacology and chemotherapy.

[24]  Kamal Uddin Zaidi,et al.  L-Asparaginase: A Promising Enzyme for Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukiemia , 2012 .

[25]  M. Vellard.  The enzyme as drug: application of enzymes as pharmaceuticals. , 2003, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[26]  E. Favela-Torres,et al.  Lipases production by solid-state fermentation: the case of Rhizopus homothallicus in perlite. , 2012, Methods in molecular biology.

[27]  Y. Chisti,et al.  Streptokinase--a clinically useful thrombolytic agent. , 2004, Biotechnology advances.

[28]  T. Cham,et al.  Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. , 2009, Nutrition research.

[29]  S. Hashimoto,et al.  Synthesis and application of dipeptides; current status and perspectives , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[30]  T. Stein.  Bacillus subtilis antibiotics: structures, syntheses and specific functions , 2005, Molecular microbiology.

[31]  Bhupinder Singh Sekhon,et al.  Enzymes as drugs: an overview , 2012 .

[32]  P. Pfaender,et al.  Enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis in the biosynthesis of bacitracin A , 1973, FEBS letters.

[33]  E. Peterson,et al.  A Qualitative Assessment of Practices Associated With Shorter Door-to-Needle Time for Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke , 2011, The Journal of neuroscience nursing : journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses.

[34]  A. Spiers,et al.  Bacterial glutaminase in treatment of acute leukaemia. , 1976, British medical journal.

[35]  E. Katz,et al.  The peptide antibiotics of Bacillus: chemistry, biogenesis, and possible functions. , 1977, Bacteriological reviews.

[36]  R. Hatti-Kaul.  ENZYME PRODUCTION , 2011 .

[37]  J. Griffin,et al.  The textbook of pharmaceutical medicine , 2005 .

[38]  G. Gojgić-Cvijović,et al.  Isolation and partial characterization of protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 , 2010 .

[39]  Morten Lauge Pedersen,et al.  Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) , 2005 .

[40]  G. Sibbald,et al.  Best practices for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. , 2000, Ostomy/wound management.

[41]  K. Nampoothiri,et al.  L-Glutaminase as a Therapeutic Enzyme of Microbial Origin , 2005 .

[42]  P. Raven.  Presidential address. Science, sustainability, and the human prospect. , 2002, Science.

[43]  Shyr‐Yi Lin,et al.  MCPIP1 ribonuclease exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral effects through viral RNA binding and degradation , 2013, Nucleic acids research.

[44]  R. C. Erickson,et al.  Penicillin acylase activity of Penicillium chrysogenum. , 1965, Applied microbiology.

[45]  M. Marahiel,et al.  The bacitracin biosynthesis operon of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716: molecular characterization of three multi-modular peptide synthetases. , 1997, Chemistry & biology.

[46]  J. Baratti,et al.  Production of L-DOPA from pyrocatechol and DL-serine by bioconversion using immobilized Erwinia herbicola cells , 1984, Biotechnology Letters.

[47]  H. Gerngross,et al.  [Reduction of postoperative swelling. Objective measurement of swelling of the upper ankle joint in treatment with serrapeptase-- a prospective study]. , 1989, Fortschritte der Medizin.

[48]  D. V. van Aalten,et al.  Structure of Human Chitotriosidase , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[49]  L. Blank,et al.  Simple enzymatic procedure for l‐carnosine synthesis: whole‐cell biocatalysis and efficient biocatalyst recycling , 2009, Microbial biotechnology.