A pathologist's view of prostatic carcinoma

In this article, the pathologic findings of carcinoma of the prostate were reviewed. Criteria were discussed for the pathologic diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma (PC), premalignant lesions, lesions that simulate PC, immunopathologic findings, special types of PC, effects of therapy on the prostate, and recent efforts to improve diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. The possible role of the study of nucleolar organizing regions was reported. A new method for demonstrating chromosomes in formaldehyde‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue was mentioned. The need for research in all aspects of the pathology of prostatic cancer was emphasized.

[1]  George L. Wright,et al.  Monoclonal antibody (anti‐leu 7) directed against natural killer cells reacts with normal, benign and malignant prostate tissues , 1985, International journal of cancer.

[2]  I. Leav,et al.  Differential lectin staining of central and peripheral zones of the prostate and alterations in dysplasia. , 1988, American journal of clinical pathology.

[3]  C. Li,et al.  Immunohistochemical diagnosis of prostatic cancer with metastasis , 1980, Cancer.

[4]  F. Schröder,et al.  The TNM classification of prostate cancer , 1992, The Prostate. Supplement.

[5]  M. Soloway,et al.  The management of incidental T1aG1 (TNM 1987) prostate cancer , 1992, The Prostate. Supplement.

[6]  R. Cohen,et al.  Neuro-endocrine cells--a new prognostic parameter in prostate cancer. , 1991, British journal of urology.

[7]  L. Sternberger,et al.  THE UNLABELED ANTIBODY ENZYME METHOD OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SOLUBLE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX (HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE-ANTIHORSERADISH PEROXIDASE) AND ITS USE IN IDENTIFICATION OF SPIROCHETES , 1970, The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society.

[8]  F. Mostofi.  Grading of Prostatic Carcinomas—Current Status , 1987 .

[9]  R. Bahnson,et al.  Cytological atypia in the prostate gland: frequency, distribution and possible relevance to carcinoma. , 1986, The Journal of urology.

[10]  E. Pontes,et al.  Purification and characterization of human prostatic acid phosphatase. , 1978, Preparative biochemistry.

[11]  G. Steiner,et al.  Differential expression of specific cytokeratin polypeptides in the basal and luminal epithelia of the human prostate , 1991, The Prostate.

[12]  Ling Ye,et al.  The diagnostic value of a hepatoma‐specific band of serum gamma‐glutamyl transferase , 1985, International journal of cancer.

[13]  L. G. Lewis.  Precancerous lesions of the prostate. , 1950, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[14]  J. Srigley,et al.  Effect of Combination Endocrine Therapy (LHRH Agonist and Flutamide) on Normal Prostate and Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: A Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study , 1991, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[15]  P. Scardino,et al.  The distribution of residual cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens in stage A prostate cancer. , 1991, The Journal of urology.

[16]  O. A. Ross,et al.  Hyperplasia, atypism, and carcinoma in situ in prostatic periurethral glands. , 1967, American journal of clinical pathology.

[17]  F. Mostofi,et al.  Intraprostatic lymphatics in man: Light and ultrastructural observations , 1980, The Prostate.

[18]  F. Mostofi,et al.  Prostatic carcinoma: problems in the interpretation of prostatic biopsies. , 1992, Human pathology.

[19]  G. T. Mellinger.  Prognosis of prostatic carcinoma. , 1977, Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer.

[20]  D. Siders,et al.  Histologic changes of irradiated prostatic carcinoma diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound. , 1992, Human pathology.

[21]  Robert A. Moore,et al.  The Morphology of Small Prostatic Carcinoma1 , 1935 .

[22]  M. Franklin,et al.  Relationship of ectopic ACTH production to tumor differentiation: A morphologic and immunohistochemical study of prostatic carcinoma with cushing's syndrome , 1981, Cancer.

[23]  W. K. Lam,et al.  Immunohistochemistry of prostatic acid phosphatase , 1981, The Prostate.

[24]  H. Kastendieck.  Correlations between atypical primary hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate. A histological study of 180 total prostatectomies. , 1980, Pathology, research and practice.

[25]  G. Aumüller,et al.  Age‐dependent changes in the carbohydrate pattern of human prostatic epithelium as determined by peroxidase‐labeled lectins , 1982, The Prostate.

[26]  J. Zajicek,et al.  Cytological diagnosis of prostatic tumours by transrectal aspiration biopsy: a preliminary report. , 1960, British journal of urology.

[27]  C. R. Bagnell,et al.  Nuclear roundness factor: A quantitative approach to grading in prostatic carcinoma, reliability of needle biopsy tissue, and the effect of tumor stage on usefulness , 1987, The Prostate.

[28]  P. Walsh,et al.  Fine‐needle core and aspiration biopsy. A new method for diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma , 1990, Cancer.

[29]  D E Johnson,et al.  Histologic grading study of prostate adenocarcinoma: The development of a new system and comparison with other methods—A preliminary study , 1982, Cancer.

[30]  C. Olsson,et al.  Prognostic significance of nucleolar surface area in prostate cancer. , 1982, Urology.

[31]  R. Babaian,et al.  Reliability of Gleason grading system in comparing prostate biopsies with total prostatectomy specimens. , 1985, Urology.

[32]  P. C. Hughes.  UICC TNM-Atlas. Illustrated guide to the TNM/pTNN Classification of Malignant Tumours. Second Edition , 1987 .

[33]  F. H. Schroeder,et al.  Grading of prostatic cancer: II. The prognostic significance of the presence of multiple architectural patterns , 1986, The Prostate.

[34]  R. J. Bartholomew,et al.  BIOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MALIGNANT CARCINOID TUMOURS , 1973, Pathology.

[35]  F. Mostofi,et al.  Problems of grading carcinoma of prostate. , 1976, Seminars in oncology.

[36]  P. Walsh,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of progesterone and androgen receptors in human prostate: a microassay. , 1982, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[37]  W. Whitmore,et al.  A report of the workshops on the current status of the histologic grading of prostate cancer , 1979, Cancer.

[38]  R. deVere White,et al.  Flow cytometry as a predictive modality in prostate cancer. , 1992, Human pathology.

[39]  M. Viola,et al.  Expression of ras oncogene p21 in prostate cancer. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  R. Seljelid,et al.  Cellular atypia in the prostate. , 1971, Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology.

[41]  C. Huggins,et al.  Studies on prostatic cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate , 1941, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[42]  G. Andrews.  Latent Carcinoma of the Prostate , 1949, Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[43]  J. Srigley.  Small-acinar patterns in the prostate gland with emphasis on atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and small-acinar carcinoma. , 1988, Seminars in diagnostic pathology.

[44]  David J. Grignon,et al.  The Prostatic Capsule: Does It Exist? Its Importance in the Staging and Treatment of Prostatic Carcinoma , 1989, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[45]  B. Helpap.  Treated prostatic carcinoma. Histological, immunohistochemical and cell kinetic studies. , 1985, Applied pathology.

[46]  L. Sobin,et al.  Prostatic acid phosphatase activity in carcinoid tumors , 1986, Cancer.

[47]  D. Bostwick,et al.  Prostatic Intra‐Epithelial Neoplasia and Early Invasion in Prostate Cancer , 1987, Cancer.

[48]  D. Bostwick,et al.  Intraductal dysplasia: a premalignant lesion of the prostate. , 1986, Human pathology.

[49]  M. Melamed,et al.  Cytogenetic analysis of human solid tumors by in situ hybridization with a set of 12 chromosome-specific DNA probes. , 1990, Cytogenetics and cell genetics.

[50]  F. Mitelman,et al.  Multiple structural chromosome rearrangements, including del(7q) and del(10q), in an adenocarcinoma of the prostate. , 1988, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.

[51]  Carney Ja.  Differences between nonfamilial and familial cardiac myxoma. , 1985 .

[52]  J. McNeal.  Significance of duct‐acinar dysplasia in prostatic carcinogenesis , 1988, The Prostate.

[53]  A. Sheth,et al.  Studies on immunocytochemical localization of inhibin-like material in human prostatic tissue: comparison of its distribution in normal, benign and malignant prostates. , 1986, British Journal of Cancer.

[54]  Gleason Df.  Classification of prostatic carcinomas. , 1966 .

[55]  F. Schroeder,et al.  Carcinoma of the prostate: a study of 213 patients with stage C tumors treated by total perineal prostatectomy. , 1975, The Journal of urology.

[56]  G. Dhom.  Histopathology of prostate carcinoma. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. , 1985, Pathology, research and practice.

[57]  J. McNeal.  Morphogenesis of prostatic carcinoma , 1965, Cancer.

[58]  J. McNeal.  The prostate and prostatic urethra: a morphologic synthesis. , 1972, The Journal of urology.

[59]  J. Kuo,et al.  Diagnosis of vasculogenic impotence: combination of penile xenon-133 washout and papaverine tests. , 1989, Urology.

[60]  E. Sproul,et al.  Significance of Increased Phosphatase Activity of Bone at the Site of Osteoplastic Metastases Secondary to Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland , 1936 .

[61]  P G Mulder,et al.  Histological grading of prostatic carcinoma in prostatectomy specimens. Comparison of prognostic accuracy of five grading systems. , 1990, British journal of urology.

[62]  G. Murphy,et al.  Histologic grading of primary prostatic cancer: a new approach to an old problem. , 1980, The Journal of urology.

[63]  P. Walsh,et al.  Prognosis of untreated stage A1 prostatic carcinoma: a study of 94 cases with extended followup. , 1986, The Journal of urology.

[64]  F. Mostofi,et al.  Large acinar atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate , 1988, Cancer.

[65]  L. Grimelius,et al.  Peptide-hormone- and serotonin-immunoreactive tumour cells in carcinoma of the prostate. , 1987, Pathology, research and practice.

[66]  A. Sheth,et al.  Cellular immunolocalization of inhibin-like peptide in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. , 1985, Archives of andrology.

[67]  Fibroadenoma‐like foci in human prostatic nodular hyperplasia , 1983, The Prostate.

[68]  G. Murphy.  Lucy Wortham James Basic Research Award. Markers of prostatic carcinoma. , 1991, Archives of surgery.

[69]  B. Tribukait.  DNA flow cytometry in carcinoma of the prostate for diagnosis, prognosis and study of tumor biology. , 1991, Acta oncologica.

[70]  D P Byar,et al.  Carcinoma of the prostate: Prognostic evaluation of certain pathologic features in 208 radical prostatectomies , 1972 .

[71]  M. Franklin,et al.  Relationship of ectopic ACTH production to tumor differentiation: A morphologic and immunohistochemical study of prostatic carcinoma with cushing's syndrome , 1981, Cancer.

[72]  D. Assimos,et al.  Prognostic significance of tumor grade and stage in the patient with carcinoma of the prostate , 1983, The Prostate.

[73]  K. Fan,et al.  Heterogeneous subpopulations of human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells: potential usefulness of P21 protein as a predictor for bone metastasis. , 1988, The Journal of urology.

[74]  A. Sandberg.  The chromosomes in human cancer and leukemia , 1990 .

[75]  Clement Pb,et al.  Sclerosing adenosis of the prostate. , 1987 .

[76]  G. Dhom,et al.  [Therapy and follow-up study of the prostatic neoplasm]. , 1972, Der Urologe (Ausg. A).

[77]  P. Brawn.  Adenosis of the prostate: A dysplastic lesion that can be confused with prostate adenocarcinoma , 1982, Cancer.

[78]  G. Dhom,et al.  Therapy of prostatic cancer and histopathologic follow‐up , 1982, The Prostate.

[79]  L. M. Franks,et al.  Estrogen‐treated prostatic cancer. The variation in responsiveness of tumor cells , 1960, Cancer.

[80]  U. Falkmer.  Methodologic sources of errors in image and flow cytometric DNA assessments of the malignancy potential of prostatic carcinoma. , 1992, Human pathology.

[81]  F. Mostofi,et al.  Immunopathology of Prostate and Bladder Tumors , 1985 .

[82]  J. Chin,et al.  Relationship between DNA ploidy, glandular differentiation, and tumor spread in human prostate cancer. , 1985, Cancer research.

[83]  M. Tannenbaum,et al.  Endometrial carcinoma of uterus masculinus (prostatic utricle). Report of 6 cases. , 1971, The Journal of urology.

[84]  H. Wolf,et al.  Urothelial Dysplasia Concomitant With Bladder Tumours as Determinant Factor for Future New Occurrences , 1984 .

[85]  Rich Ar.  On The Frequency of Occurrence of Occult Carcinoma of the Prostate1 , 1935 .

[86]  F. Mostofi,et al.  Progress in pathology of carcinoma of prostate. , 1987, Progress in clinical and biological research.

[87]  J C Eggleston,et al.  A new method to assess metastatic potential of human prostate cancer: relative nuclear roundness. , 1982, The Journal of urology.

[88]  C. Li,et al.  Comparison of acid phosphatase isoenzymes of human seminal fluid, prostate, and leukocytes. , 1979, Clinical chemistry.

[89]  J. Adolfsson,et al.  The prognostic value of modal deoxyribonucleic acid in low grade, low stage untreated prostate cancer. , 1990, The Journal of urology.

[90]  M. Harada,et al.  S‐phase fraction of human prostate adenocarcinoma studied with in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling , 1990 .

[91]  Alfred Böcking,et al.  Combined histologic grading of prostatic carcinoma , 1982, Cancer.

[92]  W. Hop,et al.  Grading of prostatic cancer: III. Multivariate analysis of prognostic parameters , 1985, The Prostate.

[93]  R. Gibbons,et al.  Latent carcinoma of the prostate--why the controversy? , 1974, The Journal of urology.

[94]  Young Rh.  Pseudoneoplastic lesions of the prostate gland. , 1988 .

[95]  W C Hop,et al.  Grading of prostatic cancer (I): An analysis of the prognostic significance of single characteristics , 1985, The Prostate.

[96]  L. M. Franks.  Atrophy and hyperplasia in the prostate proper. , 1954, The Journal of pathology and bacteriology.

[97]  A. Gutman,et al.  Determination of Serum “Acid” Phosphatase Activity in Differentiating Skeletal Metastases Secondary to Prostatic Carcinoma from Paget's Disease of Bone , 1940 .

[98]  D. K. Roberts,et al.  Nature of the perineural space invaded by prostatic carcinoma , 1967 .

[99]  T. Stamey,et al.  Keratin immunoreactivity in the benign and neoplastic human prostate. , 1985, Cancer research.

[100]  Keenan Ej,et al.  The role of prolactin in the growth of the prostate gland. , 1981 .

[101]  J. Eble,et al.  The roles of fine needle aspiration and needle core biopsies in the diagnosis of primary prostatic cancer. , 1992, Human pathology.

[102]  J. Sloane,et al.  Distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in normal and neoplastic tissues and its value in diagnostic tumor pathology , 1981, Cancer.

[103]  J. Mcaninch,et al.  The ultrastructural changes of prostate adenocarcinoma following external beam radiation therapy. , 1979, The Journal of urology.

[104]  Esposti Pl.  Cytologic diagnosis of prostatic tumors with the aid of transrectal aspiration biopsy. A critical review of 1,110 cases and a report of morphologic and cytochemical studies. , 1966 .

[105]  D. Evans,et al.  Argentaffin cells in prostatic carcinoma: Differentiation from lipofuscin and melanin in prostatic epithelium , 1971, The Journal of pathology.

[106]  D K Corle,et al.  Preliminary studies of histologic prognosis in cancer of the prostate. , 1977, Cancer treatment reports.

[107]  J. Epstein,et al.  Relationship of severe dysplasia to Stage A (incidental) adenocarcinoma of the prostate , 1990, Cancer.

[108]  J. McNeal.  Cancer volume and site of origin of adenocarcinoma in the prostate: relationship to local and distant spread. , 1992, Human pathology.

[109]  W. Auffermann,et al.  Cytological grading of therapy‐induced tumor regression in prostatic carcinoma: Proposal of a new system , 1987, Diagnostic cytopathology.

[110]  G. Murphy,et al.  Prostate antigen: A new potential marker for prostatic cancer , 1981, The Prostate.

[111]  M. Melicow,et al.  Endometrial carcinoma of prostatic utricle (uterus masculinus) , 1967 .

[112]  K. Jensen,et al.  Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma , 1987 .

[113]  G. Dhom.  Classification and grading of prostatic carcinoma. , 1977, Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer.

[114]  J. Katzenellenbogen,et al.  New approach for visualizing estrogen receptors in target cells using inherently fluorescent ligands and image intensification. , 1983, Cancer research.

[115]  L. Koss,et al.  Thin-needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate. , 1984, The Urologic clinics of North America.

[116]  U. Seal,et al.  A critical analysis of tumor morphology and hormone treatments in the untreated and estrogen‐treated responsive and refractory human prostatic carcinoma , 1977, Cancer.

[117]  Robert A. Moore,et al.  Benign Hypertrophy of the Prostate. A Morphological Study1 , 1943 .

[118]  D. Bostwick,et al.  Paneth Cell‐like Change of the Prostate Gland: A Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Electron Microscopic Study , 1991, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[119]  W. Scott,et al.  ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN PROSTATE: NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC. , 1964, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.