Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis.

Five studies tested hypotheses derived from the sociometer model of self-esteem according to which the self-esteem system monitors others' reactions and alerts the individual to the possibility of social exclusion. Study 1 showed that the effects of events on participants' state self-esteem parallel

[1]  D. Spalding.  The Principles of Psychology , 1873, Nature.

[2]  Karen Horney,et al.  The Neurotic Personality of Our Time , 1937 .

[3]  G. Āllport.  Personality: A Psychological Interpretation , 1938 .

[4]  H. Hollingworth.  Personality a psychological interpretation. , 1938 .

[5]  M. Ginsberg.  Human Nature and the Social Order , 1941, Nature.

[6]  O. Spurgeon English.  Understanding human nature , 1950 .

[7]  A. Maslow.  Motivation and Personality , 1954 .

[8]  Robert Liebendorfer.  Mind, self and society , 1960 .

[9]  Koch Sigmund Ed,et al.  Psychology: A Study of A Science , 1962 .

[10]  M. Rosenberg.  Society and the adolescent self-image , 1966 .

[11]  S. Coopersmith,et al.  The antecedents of self-esteem. , 1969 .

[12]  Samuel R. Friedman,et al.  Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects , 1968 .

[13]  Stephen Hughes.  Attachment and Loss. Vol. I , 1969, Mental Health.

[14]  J. Bowlby.  Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. , 1969, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[15]  D. J. Lee.  Society and the Adolescent Self-Image , 1969 .

[16]  John Bowlby,et al.  Attachment and Loss. Vol. I. Attachment. , 1970 .

[17]  G. W. Rever.  Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment , 1972 .

[18]  S. Jones,et al.  Self- and interpersonal evaluations: esteem theories versus consistency theories. , 1973, Psychological bulletin.

[19]  R. C. Perez.  The effect of experimentally induced failure, self-esteem, and sex on cognitive differentiation. , 1973, Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

[20]  S. Epstein.  The self-concept revisited. Or a theory of a theory. , 1973, The American psychologist.

[21]  David P. Barash,et al.  Sociobiology and Behavior , 1978 .

[22]  J. S. Shrauger,et al.  Self-Evaluations, Initial Success and Failure, and Improvement as Determinants of Persistence. , 1977 .

[23]  A. Bandura.  Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. , 1977, Psychological review.

[24]  M. Manis.  Cognitive Social Psychology , 1977 .

[25]  E. E. Jones,et al.  Control of Attributions about the Self Through Self-handicapping Strategies: The Appeal of Alcohol and the Role of Underachievement , 1978 .

[26]  J. S. Shrauger,et al.  Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. , 1979 .

[27]  A. Greenwald.  The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. , 1980 .

[28]  A. Buss.  Self-consciousness and social anxiety , 1980 .

[29]  L. Wheeler,et al.  Review of personality and social psychology , 1980 .

[30]  W. H. Jones,et al.  Loneliness, Self-Concept, and Adjustment , 1981 .

[31]  C. Carver,et al.  Attention and Self-Regulation: A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior , 1981 .

[32]  T. Wills.  Downward Comparison Principles in Social Psychology , 1981 .

[33]  Paul B. Paulus,et al.  Psychology of Group Influence , 1981 .

[34]  G. L. White.  Some correlates of romantic jealousy1 , 1981 .

[35]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Psychological perspectives on the self , 1982 .

[36]  Michael Ross,et al.  Impact of causal attributions on affective reactions to success and failure. , 1982 .

[37]  S Davis,et al.  Cognitive processes in depression. , 1982, Journal of clinical psychology.

[38]  B. R. Schlenker,et al.  Social anxiety and self-presentation: a conceptualization and model. , 1982, Psychological bulletin.

[39]  M. Leary.  Understanding Social Anxiety: Social, Personality, and Clinical Perspectives , 1983 .

[40]  R Hogan,et al.  A socioanalytic theory of personality. , 1983, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[41]  Letitia Anne Peplau,et al.  Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy. , 1984 .

[42]  Jim Blascovich,et al.  On knowing when to quit: Task failure, self‐esteem, advice, and nonproductive persistence , 1984 .

[43]  S. Snodgrass,et al.  Women's intuition: The effect of subordinate role on interpersonal sensitivity. , 1985 .

[44]  Anthony G. Greenwald,et al.  TO WHOM IS THE SELF PRESENTED , 1985 .

[45]  J. Greenberg,et al.  The Causes and Consequences of a Need for Self-Esteem: A Terror Management Theory , 1986 .

[46]  M. Leary,et al.  Attributions of responsibility for collective endeavors. , 1987 .

[47]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Salient Private Audiences and Awareness of the Self , 1987 .

[48]  B. R. Schlenker,et al.  The Self and social life , 1987 .

[49]  A. Fenigstein.  On the Nature of Public and Private Self‐Consciousness , 1987 .

[50]  J Crocker,et al.  Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluations of others: effects of self-esteem and threat. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[51]  C. Steele.  The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self , 1988 .

[52]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[53]  John M. Levine,et al.  Newcomers and oldtimers in small groups. , 1989 .

[54]  M. G. Wells,et al.  Self-Esteem: Paradoxes and Innovations in Clinical Theory and Practice , 1989 .

[55]  M. Ainsworth.  Attachments beyond infancy. , 1989, The American psychologist.

[56]  Mark R. Leary,et al.  Responses to Social Exclusion: Social Anxiety, Jealousy, Loneliness, Depression, and Low Self-Esteem , 1990 .

[57]  Roy F. Baumeister,et al.  Point-Counterpoints: Anxiety and Social Exclusion , 1990 .

[58]  A. Eagly,et al.  Explaining Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Perspective , 1991 .

[59]  T. Heatherton,et al.  Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. , 1991 .

[60]  N. Smelser,et al.  The Social importance of self-esteem , 1991 .

[61]  S. Harter,et al.  A Model of the Determinants and Mediational Role of Self-Worth: Implications for Adolescent Depression and Suicidal Ideation , 1991 .

[62]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[63]  Jonathon D. Brown.  Self-esteem and self-evaluation: Feeling is believing. , 1993 .

[64]  Susan Harter,et al.  Causes and Consequences of Low Self-Esteem in Children and Adolescents , 1993 .

[65]  M. Kernis.  The Roles of Stability and Level of Self-Esteem in Psychological Functioning , 1993 .

[66]  J. Crocker,et al.  Self-Esteem and Self-Serving Biases in Reactions to Positive and Negative Events: An Integrative Review , 1993 .

[67]  R. Baumeister.  Self-esteem : the puzzle of low self-regard , 1993 .

[68]  N. Ambady,et al.  Self-Esteem, Self-Prediction, and Living up to Commitments , 1993 .

[69]  Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard: R.F. Baumeister (ed.). New York: Plenum, 262 pp , 1994 .

[70]  M. Leary,et al.  INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SELF-ESTEEM MOTIVE THE SELF-ESTEEM SYSTEM AS A SOCIOMETER , 1995 .

[71]  R. Baumeister,et al.  The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[72]  M. Kernis.  Efficacy, Agency, and Self-Esteem , 1995 .

[73]  R. S. Miller,et al.  On the nature of embarrassability: shyness, social evaluation, and social skill. , 1995, Journal of personality.