Development of ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay reviewed with emphasis on factors which limit the sensitivity.

Development of ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassays for antigens, haptens and antibodies is reviewed with emphasis on factors which limit the sensitivity. One of the most important conditions for ultrasensitive immunoassays is the use of non-competitive solid phase assay systems rather than competitive ones. Although non-competitive immunoassays are available for antigens and antibodies, there are only competitive immunoassays for hapten molecules which can not be bound simultaneously by two different antibodies. In order to overcome this difficulty, methods have been developed to derivatize haptens with amino groups so that the derivatized haptens may be measured by two-site assays. The other condition for ultrasensitive immunoassays is to minimize the non-specific binding of labelled reactants. This has been achieved by developing methods to transfer the complex of analytes and labelled reactants from solid phase to solid phase without dissociation. Thus, the sensitivity for antigens, haptens and antibodies has been markedly improved. However, the sensitivity for the detection of label enzymes remains to be improved.

[1]  S. Yoshitake,et al.  A More Sensitive and Less Time-Consuming Sandwich Enzyme Immunoassay for Insulin in Human Serum with Less Serum Interference , 1986, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

[2]  H. Imura,et al.  A monoclonal antibody against N-terminus of α-atrial natriuretic polypeptide (α-ANP): A useful tool for preferential detection of naturally circulating ANP , 1988 .

[3]  P. Padfield,et al.  A radioimmunoassay for plasma arginine-vasopressin in man and dog: application to physiological and pathological states. , 1975, The Journal of endocrinology.

[4]  A. Johannsson,et al.  Enzyme amplification for immunoassays. Detection limit of one hundredth of an attomole. , 1986, Journal of immunological methods.

[5]  S. Scharpe,et al.  Enzyme immunoassay of angiotensin I and renin. , 1987, Clinical chemistry.

[6]  Endo Yuichi,et al.  Use of inorganic salts to minimize serum interference in a sandwich enzyme immunoassay for human growth hormone using Fab'-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. , 1983 .

[7]  B. van Weemen,et al.  Immunoassay using antigen—enzyme conjugates , 1971, FEBS letters.

[8]  E. Ishikawa.  Development and clinical application of sensitive enzyme immunoassay for macromolecular antigens--a review. , 1987, Clinical biochemistry.

[9]  I. Bronstein,et al.  1,2-dioxetanes: novel chemiluminescent enzyme substrates. Applications to immunoassays. , 1989, Journal of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence.

[10]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  Novel Enzyme Immunoassay (Immune Complex Transfer Enzyme Immunoassay) for Anti-Insulin IgG in Guinea PIG Serum , 1988 .

[11]  N. Katunuma,et al.  ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY IN RAPID PROGRESS , 1977, The Lancet.

[12]  R. Geiger,et al.  Luciferin derivatives in bioluminescence-enhanced enzyme immunoassays. , 1989, Journal of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence.

[13]  R Geiger,et al.  New, bioluminescence-enhanced detection systems for use in enzyme activity tests, enzyme immunoassays, protein blotting and nucleic acid hybridization. , 1989, Molecular and cellular probes.

[14]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  Novel and sensitive noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay for peptides. , 1989, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[15]  R. Ekins,et al.  ELISA: A REPLACEMENT FOR RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS? , 1976, The Lancet.

[16]  S. Yoshitake,et al.  Enzyme-labeling of antibodies and their fragments for enzyme immunoassay and immunohistochemical staining. , 1983, Journal of immunoassay.

[17]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  Novel and sensitive noncompetitive (two-site) immunoassay for haptens with emphasis on peptides. , 1990, Clinical biochemistry.

[18]  Koichiro Tanaka,et al.  A Small Scale Sandwich Enzyme Immunoassay for Macromolecular Antigens Using B-D-Galactosidase from Escherichia Coli and Horseradish Peroxidase as Labels , 1987 .

[19]  L J Kricka,et al.  Chemiluminescent assay of alkaline phosphatase applied in an ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay of thyrotropin. , 1989, Clinical chemistry.

[20]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  Novel and Sensitive Enzyme Immunoassay for Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies in Serum Using Dinitrophenyl Thyroglobulin and Thyroglobulin-Peroxidase Conjugate , 1988 .

[21]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  Development and applications of sensitive enzyme immunoassay for antibodies: A review , 1989, Journal of clinical laboratory analysis.

[22]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  A novel enzyme immunoassay of anti-insulin IgG in guinea pig serum. , 1987, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[23]  C. Hales,et al.  Labelled Antibodies and Immunological Assay Systems , 1968, Nature.

[24]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  Measurement of anti-thyroglobulin IgG in serum by novel and sensitive immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay. , 1989, Clinical biochemistry.

[25]  S. Yoshitake,et al.  Highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay of rabbit (anti‐human IgG) IgG using human IgG—β‐D‐galactosidase conjugate , 1980, FEBS letters.

[26]  K. Nakao,et al.  Enzyme immunoassay for α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide - direct measurement of plasma level , 1988 .

[27]  E. ISHIKAWA,et al.  Ultrasensitive Enzyme Immunoassay , 1990, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[28]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  A more sensitive enzyme immunoassay of anti-insulin IgG in guinea pig serum with less non-specific binding of normal guinea pig IgG. , 1985, Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo).

[29]  T. Kitagawa,et al.  Enzyme immunoassay of angiotensin I. , 1979, Endocrinology.

[30]  E. Engvall,et al.  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative assay of immunoglobulin G. , 1971, Immunochemistry.

[31]  E. Ishikawa,et al.  Use of Normal IgG and its Fragments to Lower the Non-Specific Binding of Fab'-Enzyme Conjugates in Sandwich Enzyme Immunoassay , 1985 .