Online Signature Verification: State of the art

online or Dynamic signature verification (DSV) is one of the most acceptable, intuitive, fast and cost effective tool for user authentication. DSV uses some dynamics like speed, pressure, directions, stroke length and pen-ups/pen-downs to verify the signer's identity. The state of the art in DSV is presented in this paper. several approaches for DSV are compared and the most influential techniques in this field are highlighted. We concentrate on the relationship between the verification approach used (the nature of the classifier) and the type of features that are used to represent the signature.

[1]  Zhong-Hua Quan,et al.  Online Signature Verification Based on the Hybrid HMM/ANN Model , 2007 .

[2]  Nidal Kamel,et al.  Dynamic Signature Verification Using Sensor Based Data Glove , 2006 .

[3]  Berrin A. Yanikoglu,et al.  Identity authentication using improved online signature verification method , 2005, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[5]  Takeshi Furuhashi,et al.  Selection of features for signature verification using the genetic algorithm , 1996 .

[6]  Jianying Hu,et al.  A Hidden Markov Model approach to online handwritten signature verification , 1998, International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition.

[7]  Pietro Perona,et al.  Visual Identification by Signature Tracking , 2003, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[8]  Zhong-Hua Quan,et al.  Aligning and Segmenting Signatures at Their Crucial Points Through DTW , 2005, ICIC.

[9]  Yutaka Fukui,et al.  On-line signature verification based on subband decomposition by DWT and adaptive signal processing , 2005 .

[10]  Loris Nanni,et al.  Ensemble of Parzen window classifiers for on-line signature verification , 2005, Neurocomputing.

[11]  J. Richiardi,et al.  Gaussian Mixture Models for on-line signature verification , 2003, WBMA '03.

[12]  Pietro Perona,et al.  Continuous dynamic time warping for translation-invariant curve alignment with applications to signature verification , 1999, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[13]  Takashi Matsumoto,et al.  A Bayesian MCMC On-line Signature Verification , 2003, AVBPA.

[14]  Venu Govindaraju,et al.  A Study on the Consistency of Features for On-Line Signature Verification , 2004, SSPR/SPR.

[15]  Loris Nanni,et al.  An On-Line Signature Verification System Based on Fusion of Local and Global Information , 2005, AVBPA.

[16]  Bin Li,et al.  Online Signature Verification by Combining Shape Contexts and Local Features , 2006, Int. J. Image Graph..

[18]  Julio Martínez On-line signature verification based on optimal feature representation and neural-network-driven fuzzy reasoning , 1971 .

[19]  Hong Yan,et al.  Stability and style-variation modeling for on-line signature verification , 2003, Pattern Recognit..

[20]  Réjean Plamondon,et al.  Automatic signature verification and writer identification - the state of the art , 1989, Pattern Recognit..

[21]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Fusion of Local and Regional Approaches for On-Line Signature Verification , 2005, IWBRS.

[22]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Securing Electronic Medical Records Using Biometric Authentication , 2005, AVBPA.

[23]  Jaihie Kim,et al.  Applying personalized weights to a feature set for on-line signature verification , 1995, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition.

[24]  Yutaka Fukui,et al.  On-Line Signature Verification Based on Discrete Wavelet Domain Adaptive Signal Processing , 2004, ICBA.

[25]  W. Sardha Wijesoma,et al.  On-Line Signature Verification Using a Computational Intelligence Approach , 2001, Fuzzy Days.

[26]  Bin Li,et al.  On-Line Signature Verification Based on PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and MCA (Minor Component Analysis) , 2004, ICBA.

[27]  Takashi Matsumoto,et al.  An HMM On-line Signature Verification Algorithm , 2003, AVBPA.

[28]  Sebastiano Impedovo,et al.  Selecting Reference Signatures for On-Line Signature Verification , 1995, ICIAP.

[29]  Sebastiano Impedovo,et al.  Analysis of stability in hand-written dynamic signatures , 2002, Proceedings Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition.

[30]  M. Wirotius,et al.  Improving DTW for Online Handwritten Signature Verification , 2004, ICIAR.

[31]  Hong Yan,et al.  On-line signature verification based on stroke matching , 2002 .

[32]  Jhing-Fa Wang,et al.  Dynamic handwritten Chinese signature verification , 1993, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR '93).

[33]  Jin Kim,et al.  A Study on Enhanced Dynamic Signature Verification for the Embedded System , 2005, BVAI.

[34]  Yutaka Fukui,et al.  Multi-matcher on-line signature verification system in DWT domain , 2005, Proceedings. (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005..

[35]  Jelena Vucetic,et al.  Developing a biometric authentication system using dynamic signature verification: statistical learning and soft computing approaches , 2005 .

[36]  Vishvjit S. Nalwa,et al.  Automatic On-line Signature Verification , 1997 .

[37]  Colin Sindle,et al.  Handwritten signature verification using hidden Markov models , 2003 .

[38]  Emli-Mari Nel,et al.  Estimating the Pen Trajectories of Static Handwritten Scripts using Hidden Markov Models , 2005 .

[39]  J. Ortega-Garcia,et al.  Universal Background Models for Dynamic Signature Verification , 2007, 2007 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems.

[40]  Suh-Yin Lee,et al.  On-line signature verification based on logarithmic spectrum , 1998, Pattern Recognit..

[41]  Sebastiano Impedovo,et al.  A Multi-expert System for Dynamic Signature Verification , 2000, Multiple Classifier Systems.

[42]  Venu Govindaraju,et al.  ER2: an intuitive similarity measure for on-line signature verification , 2004, IWFHR.

[43]  Gopal Gupta The State of the Art in On-line Handwritten Signature Verification , 2006 .

[44]  Venu Govindaraju,et al.  A comparative study on the consistency of features in on-line signature verification , 2005, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[45]  Tong Qu Dynamic Signature Verification System Design Using Stroke Based Feature Extraction Algorithm , 2004 .

[46]  A. El Saddik,et al.  A stroke based algorithm for dynamic signature verification , 2004, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2004 (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37513).

[47]  Hamid R. Rabiee,et al.  A new online signature verification algorithm using variable length segmentation and hidden Markov models , 2003, Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[48]  Bernadette Dorizzi,et al.  On Using the Viterbi Path Along With HMM Likelihood Information for Online Signature Verification , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[49]  Ho-Sub Yoon,et al.  Using geometric extrema for segment-to-segment characteristics comparison in online signature verification , 2004, Pattern Recognit..

[50]  R. Ingold,et al.  Hidden Markov Models for Spoken Signature Verification , 2007, 2007 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems.

[51]  Ronny Martens,et al.  Incorporating local consistency information into the online signature verification process , 1998, International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition.

[52]  L. Yang,et al.  Application of hidden Markov models for signature verification , 1995, Pattern Recognit..

[53]  Bernhard Sick,et al.  Online Signature Verification with New Time Series Kernels for Support Vector Machines , 2006, ICB.

[54]  Fernando Santos Osório,et al.  Handwritten Signature Authentication using Artificial Neural Networks , 2006, The 2006 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network Proceedings.

[55]  Julian Fierrez Adapted fusion schemes for multimodal biometric authentication (Esquemas adaptados de fusión para autenticación biométrica multimodal) , 2006 .

[56]  Berrin A. Yanikoglu,et al.  Biometric Authentication Using Online Signatures , 2004, ISCIS.

[57]  Trevor Hastie,et al.  A model for signature verification , 1991, Conference Proceedings 1991 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[58]  Hairong Lv,et al.  On-Line Signature Verification Based on Dynamic Bayesian Network , 2006, ICNC.

[59]  Ronny Martens,et al.  On-line signature verification by dynamic time-warping , 1996, Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition.

[60]  Chulhan Lee,et al.  Online signature verification using temporal shift estimated by the phase of Gabor filter , 2005, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[61]  Hao Feng,et al.  Online signature verification using a new extreme points warping technique , 2003, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[62]  Réjean Plamondon,et al.  Automatic Signature Verification: The State of the Art - 1989-1993 , 1994, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[63]  M. Derlatka,et al.  On-line signature biometric system with employment of single-output multilayer perceptron , 2006 .

[64]  P. Perona,et al.  Visual signature verification using affine arc-length , 1999, Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149).

[65]  C. N. Liu,et al.  Automatic signature verification based on accelerometry , 1977 .

[66]  Joseph W. Goodman,et al.  Neural networks and handwritten signature verification , 1991 .

[67]  Toby Berger,et al.  Reliable On-Line Human Signature Verification Systems , 1996, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[68]  Marc Parizeau,et al.  A Comparative Analysis of Regional Correlation, Dynamic Time Warping, and Skeletal Tree Matching for Signature Verification , 1990, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[69]  Selection of points for on-line signature comparison , 2004, Ninth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition.

[70]  Bin Li,et al.  Improved Critical Point Correspondence for On-line Signature Verification , 2006 .

[71]  Gerhard Rigoll,et al.  A systematic comparison between on-line and off-line methods for signature verification with hidden Markov models , 1998, Proceedings. Fourteenth International Conference on Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.98EX170).

[72]  Yutaka Fukui,et al.  Optimal user weighting fusion in DWT domain on-line signature verification , 2005, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[73]  Bin Li,et al.  Online signature verification based on null component analysis and principal component analysis , 2005, Pattern Analysis and Applications.

[74]  G. K. Gupta,et al.  Using position extrema points to capture shape in on-line handwritten signature verification , 2007, Pattern Recognit..

[75]  Julian Fiérrez,et al.  Complete Signal Modeling and Score Normalization for Function-Based Dynamic Signature Verification , 2003, AVBPA.

[76]  Julian Fiérrez,et al.  Sensor Interoperability and Fusion in Signature Verification: A Case Study Using Tablet PC , 2005, IWBRS.

[77]  Loris Nanni,et al.  Experimental comparison of one-class classifiers for online signature verification , 2006, Neurocomputing.

[78]  Jana Dittmann,et al.  Using adapted Levenshtein distance for on-line signature authentication , 2004, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004..

[79]  Hewitt D. Crane,et al.  Automatic signature verification using a three-axis force-sensitive pen , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[80]  Andrew Beng Jin Teoh,et al.  Secure Hashing of Dynamic Hand Signatures Using Wavelet-Fourier Compression with BioPhasor Mixing and Discretization , 2006, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process..

[81]  Julian Fiérrez,et al.  HMM-based on-line signature verification: Feature extraction and signature modeling , 2007, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[82]  Pietro Perona,et al.  Camera-Based ID Verification by Signature Tracking , 1998, ECCV.

[83]  Fei Shen,et al.  Improved DTW Algorithm for Online Signature Verification Based on Writing Forces , 2005, ICIC.

[84]  Jon Sánchez,et al.  Online Handwritten Signature Verification Using Hidden Markov Models , 2003, CIARP.

[85]  Fei Shen,et al.  Online Signature Verification Based on Global Feature of Writing Forces , 2006, ICB.

[86]  W. Turin,et al.  On-line handwritten signature verification using hidden Markov model features , 1997, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition.

[87]  Andrzej Bargiela,et al.  Determination of Decision Boundaries for Online Signature Verification , 2003, KES.

[88]  Jonas Richiardi,et al.  Local and global feature selection for on-line signature verification , 2005, Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR'05).

[89]  S. Ng,et al.  Management of access through biometric control: A case study based on automatic signature verification , 2001, Universal Access in the Information Society.

[90]  Zhong-Hua Quan,et al.  Signature Verification Using Wavelet Transform and Support Vector Machine , 2005, ICIC.

[91]  Suh-Yin Lee,et al.  On-line signature verification using LPC cepstrum and neural networks , 1997, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B.

[92]  Sebastiano Impedovo,et al.  A spectra analysis-based signature verification system , 1989, Recent Issues in Pattern Analysis and Recognition.

[93]  Yutaka Fukui,et al.  DWT Domain On-Line Signature Verification Using the Pen-Movement Vector , 2006, IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci..

[94]  Sebastiano Impedovo,et al.  Component-Oriented Algorithms for Signature Verification , 1994, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[95]  Changping Liu,et al.  On-line signature verification using local shape analysis , 2003, Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[96]  Sebastiano Impedovo,et al.  Selection of reference signatures for automatic signature verification , 1999, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. ICDAR '99 (Cat. No.PR00318).

[97]  Inma Hernáez,et al.  Searching for an Optimal Reference System for On-Line Signature Verification Based on (x, y) Alignment , 2004, ICBA.

[98]  TechnologyJames Cook Universityalan Hidden Markov Modelling with Simple Directional Features for Eeective and Eecient Handwriting Veriication , 2007 .

[99]  Loris Nanni,et al.  Advanced methods for two-class problem formulation for on-line signature verification , 2006, Neurocomputing.

[100]  Karim Faez,et al.  Matching between Important Points using Dynamic Time Warping for Online Signature Verification , .

[101]  Il Seok Ko,et al.  The Modified DTW Method for On-Line Automatic Signature Verification , 2005, NPC.

[102]  ZhongCheng Wu,et al.  On-line signature verification based on wavelet transform to extract characteristic points , 2006 .

[103]  W. Sardha Wijesoma,et al.  Online Handwritten Signature Verification for Electronic Commerce over the Internet , 2001, Web Intelligence.

[104]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  On-line signature verification, , 2002, Pattern Recognit..

[105]  Liang Wan,et al.  On-line signature verification with two-stage statistical models , 2005, Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR'05).

[106]  R. Palaniappan,et al.  Signature Verification System using Pen Pressure for Internet and E-Commerce Application , 2001 .

[107]  L. Spaanenburg,et al.  Implementing a DSP Kernel for Online Dynamic Handwritten Signature Verification Using the TMS320 DSP Family , 1995 .

[108]  Hikaru Morita,et al.  On-line signature verification algorithm incorporating pen position, pen pressure and pen inclination trajectories , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37221).

[109]  Julio Cesar Martínez Romo,et al.  Optimal Prototype Functions Of Features For Online Signature Verification , 2004, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[110]  Alisher Kholmatov,et al.  Biometric identity verification using on-line & off-line signature verification , 2003 .

[111]  Berrin Yanikoglu,et al.  An improved decision criterion for genuine / forgery classification in on-line signature verification , 2003 .

[112]  Rolf Ingold,et al.  Gaussian Mixture Models for CHASM Signature Verification , 2006, MLMI.

[113]  Takashi Matsumoto,et al.  An HMM online signature verifier incorporating signature trajectories , 2003, Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[114]  Marcos Faúndez-Zanuy,et al.  On-line signature recognition based on VQ-DTW , 2007, Pattern Recognit..

[115]  J. Fierrez-Aguilar,et al.  Cryptographic key generation using handwritten signature , 2006, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[116]  Valentín Cardeñoso-Payo,et al.  Automatic Online Signature Verification Using HMMs with User-Dependent Structure , 2007, ICB.

[117]  Bernadette Dorizzi,et al.  Fusion of HMM's Likelihood and Viterbi Path for On-line Signature Verification , 2004, ECCV Workshop BioAW.

[118]  Julian Fiérrez,et al.  Target dependent score normalization techniques and their application to signature verification , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[119]  Yi Gu Approaching real time dynamic signature verification from a systems and control perspective. , 2006 .

[120]  William Turin,et al.  Statistical Methods for On-Line Signature Verification , 1994, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[121]  Lina Mi,et al.  Research on the rejection capabilities of the signature-pressure-based individual recognition system for counterfeit signatures using optimized neuro-template with Gaussian function , 2007 .

[122]  Sebastiano Impedovo,et al.  Multi-expert verification of hand-written signatures , 2003, Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[123]  Charles Pippin Dynamic Signature Verification using Local and Global Features , 2004 .

[124]  Takashi Matsumoto,et al.  A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for bayesian dynamic signature verification , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[125]  Mohamad Khalil,et al.  On-line signature verification using a nonstationary autoregressive model representation , 1993, 1993 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.