Global Experiences on Wastewater Irrigation: Challenges and Prospects

The need for irrigated agriculture is growing day by day and the largest water withdrawals from renewable water resources are for irrigation. In addition, the available water resources are decreasing and we need to use non-conventional water resources for irrigation due to looming water crisis (Raschid-Sally and Jayakody, Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: results from a global assessment. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, 35p, (IWMI Research Report 127), 2008). However, the volume of treating and using wastewater is limited due to the lack of adequate data and knowledge and/or negative effects of improper wastewater management (i.e. use of untreated wastewater). A comprehensive evaluation of what has been done is necessary in order to explore wastewater irrigation and to avoid trial-and-error policies. Although a study of wastewater irrigation from crops, soil, groundwater, health, irrigation equipments, modern technologies, and other environmental aspects is useful, management studies in comparison with other aspects can help lead to more reliable and more extensive findings and finally a better decision on using wastewater for irrigation. The chapter presents challenges and prospects that may help decision making for the use of wastewater in irrigation.

[1]  H I Shuval,et al.  Risk of communicable disease infection associated with wastewater irrigation in agricultural settlements. , 1976, Science.

[2]  Miguel A. Mariño,et al.  Optimization Models for Wastewater Reuse in Irrigation , 1989 .

[3]  Avner Adin,et al.  Dripper‐Clogging Factors in Wastewater Irrigation , 1991 .

[4]  Contribution Of Spray Irrigation Of Wastewater To Groundwater Contamination In The Karst Of Southeastern Minnesota, USA , 1994 .

[5]  E. Segarra,et al.  Returns to municipalities from integrating crop production with wastewater disposal , 1996 .

[6]  M. Wagner,et al.  The effect of papermill wastewater irrigation and gypsum soil amendments on sodium accumulation by cottonwood and soil , 1996 .

[7]  M. Fayyad,et al.  Some environmental problems associated with the use of treated wastewater for irrigation in Jordan , 1997 .

[8]  Kurth Perttu,et al.  Economics of using municipal wastewater irrigation of willow coppice crops , 1997 .

[9]  T. J. Hogg,et al.  EFFLUENT IRRIGATION: THE SASKATCHEWAN PERSPECTIVE , 1997 .

[10]  J. A. Redondo,et al.  Experiences with the pretreatment of raw water with high fouling potential for reverse osmosis plant using FILMTEC membranes , 1997 .

[11]  A. Jaradat,et al.  Wastewater Irrigation Effect on Soil, Crop and Environment: a Pilot Scale Study at Irbid, Jordan , 1998 .

[12]  Fayza A. Nasr,et al.  Performance assessment of a wastewater treatment plant producing effluent for irrigation in Egypt , 1998 .

[13]  N. Haruvy,et al.  Wastewater Irrigation-Economic Concerns Regarding Beneficiary and Hazardous Effects of Nutrients , 1999 .

[14]  Andreas N. Angelakis,et al.  The status of wastewater reuse practice in the Mediterranean basin: need for guidelines , 1999 .

[15]  Jos T. A. Verhoeven,et al.  Wetlands for wastewater treatment: Opportunities and limitations , 1999 .

[16]  A. Alsaati,et al.  Wastewater quality and its reuse in agriculture in Saudi Arabia , 1999 .

[17]  W. Dunson,et al.  Effects of Treated Wastewater Effluent Irrigation on Terrestrial Salamanders , 2000 .

[18]  Gideon Oron,et al.  Risk assessment of consuming agricultural products irrigated with reclaimed wastewater: An exposure model , 2000 .

[19]  Claudia Ringler,et al.  Irrigation and water resources in Latin America and the Caribbean: challenges and strategies , 2000 .

[20]  J. E. Fernández,et al.  Olive tree response to irrigation with wastewater from the table olive industry , 2000, Irrigation Science.

[21]  J. Wallace.  Increasing agricultural water use efficiency to meet future food production , 2000 .

[22]  J. Agunwamba.  Analysis of Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Waste Stabilization Pond and Unrestricted Wastewater Irrigation: Interface with Maintenance , 2001, Environmental management.

[23]  A. Kivaisi.  The potential for constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in developing countries: a review , 2001 .

[24]  Munir A. Hanjra,et al.  A framework for analyzing socioeconomic, health and environmental impacts of wastewater use in agriculture in developing countries , 2001 .

[25]  I. Morell,et al.  Physico-chemical processes in a vadose zone during the infiltration of treated wastewater used for irrigation: application of the NETPATH model , 2001 .

[26]  J. Jaber,et al.  Evaluation of non-conventional water resources supply in Jordan , 2001 .

[27]  Munir A. Hanjra,et al.  Wastewater use in agriculture: Review of impacts and methodological issues in valuing impacts , 2002 .

[28]  Effects of land irrigation with partially-treated wastewater on Frankia survival and infectivity , 2003 .

[29]  Anaerobically treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation as an alternative for posttreatment in water-demanding zones , 2003, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[30]  M. Fayyad,et al.  Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on quality attributes and contamination of tomato fruit , 2003 .

[31]  L. Liberti,et al.  Advanced treatment for municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture. UV disinfection: parasite removal and by-product formation , 2003 .

[32]  C. Scott,et al.  Treated wastewater use in Tunisia: lessons learned and the road ahead. , 2004 .

[33]  C. Scott,et al.  Wastewater irrigation in Vadodara, Gujarat, India: economic catalyst for marginalised communities. , 2004 .

[34]  M. Rebhun.  Desalination of reclaimed wastewater to prevent salinization of soils and groundwater , 2004 .

[35]  Wastewater irrigation - hazard or lifeline? Empirical results from Nairobi, Kenya and Kumasi, Ghana. , 2004 .

[36]  A. Durán,et al.  The use of wastewater in Cochabamba, Bolivia: A degrading environment , 2004 .

[37]  G. Oron,et al.  Response of cotton to treated domestic wastewater applied through trickle irrigation , 1987, Irrigation Science.

[38]  C. Scott,et al.  A fresh look at microbial guidelines for wastewater irrigation in agriculture: a risk-assessment and cost-effectiveness approach. , 2004 .

[39]  F. Ferrini,et al.  Municipal-treated wastewater reuse for plant nurseries irrigation. , 2004, Water research.

[40]  Liqa Raschid-Sally,et al.  Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture: management challenges in developing countries. , 2004 .

[41]  C. Scott,et al.  A framework for a global assessment of the extent of wastewater irrigation: the need for a common wastewater typology. , 2004 .

[42]  M. Ali-Shtayeh,et al.  Ecology of cycloheximide-resistant fungi in field soils receiving raw city wastewater or normal irrigation water , 1998, Mycopathologia.

[43]  Liqa Raschid-Sally,et al.  A sustainable livelihoods approach for action research on wastewater use in agriculture. , 2004 .

[44]  A. Santini,et al.  Methodological approach for evaluating the response of soil hydrological behavior to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater , 2004 .

[45]  Gaspare Viviani,et al.  Wastewater Reuse Effects on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity , 2004 .

[46]  D. Fatta,et al.  Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The situation in Morocco and Palestine , 2004 .

[47]  M. Redwood,et al.  Wastewater irrigation in developing countries—limitations for farmers to adopt appropriate practices , 2005 .

[48]  J. Rockström,et al.  Sustainable Pathways to Attain the Millennium Development Goals – Assessing the Role of Water, Energy and Sanitation , 2005 .

[49]  Blanca Jiménez,et al.  Treatment technology and standards for agricultural wastewater reuse: a case study in Mexico , 2005 .

[50]  A. Vengosh,et al.  The impact of freshwater and wastewater irrigation on the chemistry of shallow groundwater: a case study from the Israeli Coastal Aquifer , 2005 .

[51]  H. Rosenqvist,et al.  Economics of using wastewater irrigation of willow in Northern Ireland , 2005 .

[52]  Mansour Ahmed,et al.  Waste water quality and reuse in irrigation in Kuwait using microfiltration technology in treatment , 2005 .

[53]  S. Masi,et al.  Agricultural wastewater reuse in southern Italy , 2006 .

[54]  Stuart J. Khan,et al.  Human risk assessment of organic contaminants in reclaimed wastewater used for irrigation , 2006 .

[55]  S. Toze.  Reuse of effluent water—benefits and risks , 2006 .

[56]  W. van der Hoek,et al.  Giardia duodenalis infection and wastewater irrigation in Pakistan. , 2006, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[57]  A. D. La Rosa,et al.  Design of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment in a Sicilian town and environmental evaluation using the emergy analysis , 2006 .

[58]  F. Moore,et al.  Impacts of wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in suburban area of Shiraz, Iran , 2006 .

[59]  Frank R. Rijsberman,et al.  Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? , 2006 .

[60]  J. T. Smith,et al.  Effect of Controlled Drainage and Vegetative Buffers on Drainage Water Quality from Wastewater Irrigated Fields , 2006 .

[61]  J. de Koning,et al.  Wastewater reuse in Europe , 2006 .

[62]  C. Tang,et al.  Use of 18O, 2H and 15N to identify nitrate contamination of groundwater in a wastewater irrigated field near the city of Shijiazhuang, China , 2006 .

[63]  P. Lawrence,et al.  Cairo-East Bank effluent re-use study 3 — Effect of field crop irrigation with secondary treated wastewater on biological and chemical properties of soil and groundwater , 2006, Biologia.

[64]  Gen-xu Wang,et al.  Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment: wastewater recycling in the loess area of China. , 2007, Journal of environmental sciences.

[65]  L. Rousan,et al.  Long term effect of wastewater irrigation of forage crops on soil and plant quality parameters , 2007 .

[66]  P. Drechsel,et al.  Effect of low‐cost irrigation methods on microbial contamination of lettuce irrigated with untreated wastewater , 2007, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[67]  U. Sahin,et al.  Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil and cabbage‐plant (brassica olerecea var. capitate cv. yalova‐1) chemical properties , 2007 .

[68]  Alejandro Josa,et al.  Assessment of soil and groundwater impacts by treated urban wastewater reuse. A case study: application in a golf course (Girona, Spain). , 2007, The Science of the total environment.

[69]  Günther Fischer,et al.  Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirements: Effects of mitigation, 1990-2080 , 2007 .

[70]  Adriana Bruggeman,et al.  Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries , 2007 .

[71]  P. Drechsel,et al.  Reducing microbial contamination on wastewater‐irrigated lettuce by cessation of irrigation before harvesting , 2007, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[72]  B. Marschner,et al.  Long-term sewage sludge application and wastewater irrigation on the mineralization and sorption of 17beta-estradiol and testosterone in soils. , 2007, The Science of the total environment.

[73]  B. Scicolone,et al.  Recycling of poor quality urban wastewater by drip irrigation systems , 2007 .

[74]  S. Buechler,et al.  Wastewater irrigation in the developing world : Two case studies from the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal , 2007 .

[75]  F. S. Makoni,et al.  An assessment of the public health hazard potential of wastewater reuse for crop production. A case of Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe , 2007 .

[76]  J. Ham,et al.  Estimating the Microbial Risk of E. coli in Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation on Paddy Field , 2007, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[77]  S. Consoli,et al.  Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on soil and tomato fruits: A case study in Sicily (Italy) , 2007 .

[78]  R. Malekian,et al.  The effects of treated wastewater on soil chemical properties using subsurface and surface irrigation methods , 2007 .

[79]  Impacts of wastewater irrigation in arid and semi arid regions: case of Sidi Abid region, Tunisia , 2008 .

[80]  Michele Vurro,et al.  Planning agricultural wastewater reuse in southern Italy: The case of Apulia Region , 2008 .

[81]  M. Jalali,et al.  Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil sodicity and nutrient leaching in calcareous soils , 2008 .

[82]  Feasibility of long-term irrigation as a treatment method for municipal wastewater using natural soil in Kuwait , 2008 .

[83]  Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils and Crops After Irrigation of Wastewater Discharged from Domestic Sewage Treatment Plants , 2008, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[84]  R. Chiou.  Risk assessment and loading capacity of reclaimed wastewater to be reused for agricultural irrigation , 2008, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[85]  P. Jayakody,et al.  Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: results from a global assessment , 2008 .

[86]  Hangsheng Lin,et al.  Soil property changes after four decades of wastewater irrigation: A landscape perspective , 2008 .

[87]  Yong-guan Zhu,et al.  Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. , 2008, Environmental pollution.

[88]  Zhen-cheng Su,et al.  Soil microbial characteristics under long-term heavy metal stress: A case study in Zhangshi Wastewater Irrigation Area, Shenyang , 2008 .

[89]  U. Sahin,et al.  Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) grown on calcareous soil in Turkey , 2008 .

[90]  Andreas N. Angelakis,et al.  Water recycling and reuse in EUREAU countries: Trends and challenges , 2008 .

[91]  F. Pedrero,et al.  Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on lemon trees , 2009 .

[92]  G. Celano,et al.  Irrigation of olive groves in Southern Italy with treated municipal wastewater: Effects on microbiological quality of soil and fruits , 2009 .

[93]  Laurie S. McNeill,et al.  A sustainable approach for reusing treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation in the West Bank – Palestine , 2009 .

[94]  Ahmed N. Bdour,et al.  Perspectives on sustainable wastewater treatment technologies and reuse options in the urban areas of the Mediterranean region , 2007 .

[95]  F. Morari,et al.  Municipal wastewater treatment with vertical flow constructed wetlands for irrigation reuse , 2009 .

[96]  Eli Feinerman,et al.  Regional Planning of Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation and River Rehabilitation , 2009 .

[97]  Shumei Ren,et al.  Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater. , 2009, Journal of environmental sciences.

[98]  E. Cardoso,et al.  Microbial Metabolic Potential Affected by Surplus Wastewater Irrigation in Tropical Soil Cultivated with Tifton 85 Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon Pers. X C. niemfuensis Vanderyst) , 2009 .

[99]  Haijun Liu,et al.  Laboratory experiment on drip emitter clogging with fresh water and treated sewage effluent , 2009 .

[100]  Ralf Otterpohl,et al.  Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[101]  M. Lado,et al.  Treated domestic sewage irrigation effects on soil hydraulic properties in arid and semiarid zones: A review , 2009 .

[102]  T. Asano,et al.  Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece , 2010 .

[103]  Water scarcity: Can virtual water operators help? , 2010 .

[104]  M. T. Ahmed,et al.  Dioxin, Dioxin–Like PCBs and Indicator PCBs in Some Medicinal Plants Irrigated with Wastewater in Ismailia, Egypt , 2010 .

[105]  Shu Mei Ren,et al.  Surface topographic characteristics of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater and effects on clogging in labyrinth drip irrigation emitters , 2011, Irrigation Science.

[106]  M. Boukhris,et al.  Effects of irrigation with treated wastewater on olive tree growth, yield and leaf mineral elements at short term , 2010 .

[107]  Dennis Wichelns,et al.  The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries , 2010 .

[108]  M. Raynaud,et al.  Effects of long-term irrigation with treated wastewater. Part I: Evolution of soil physico-chemical properties , 2010 .

[109]  Gerard Arbat,et al.  Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in microirrigation with effluents , 2010 .

[110]  M. A. Mojid,et al.  Farmers' perceptions and knowledge in using wastewater for irrigation at twelve peri-urban areas and two sugar mill areas in Bangladesh , 2010 .

[111]  P. Döll,et al.  Groundwater use for irrigation - a global inventory , 2010 .

[112]  S. Gupta,et al.  Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes , 2010, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[113]  Horng-Yuh Guo,et al.  Remediation techniques and heavy metal uptake by different rice varieties in metal-contaminated soils of Taiwan: New aspects for food safety regulation and sustainable agriculture , 2010 .

[114]  M. Boukhris,et al.  The effect of waste water irrigation on the extra virgin olive oil quality from the Tunisian cultivar Chemlali. , 2010 .

[115]  Jagath J. Kaluarachchi,et al.  Multi-criteria decision analysis of treated wastewater use for agriculture in water deficit regions. , 2010 .

[116]  Isha Ray,et al.  Wastewater for agriculture: A reuse-oriented planning model and its application in peri-urban China. , 2010, Water research.

[117]  A. Dalsgaard,et al.  Faecal contamination and hygiene aspect associated with the use of treated wastewater and canal water for irrigation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) , 2010 .

[118]  Laosheng Wu,et al.  Impact of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation on agricultural soils: a preliminary assessment. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[119]  L. Ayed,et al.  Effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on geochemical properties (saltiness, C, N and heavy metals) of isohumic soils (Zaouit Sousse perimeter, Oriental Tunisia) , 2010 .

[120]  M. Bino,et al.  Effect of treated grey water reuse in irrigation on soil and plants , 2010 .

[121]  M. Andersen,et al.  Decentralised water and wastewater treatment technologies to produce functional water for irrigation , 2010 .

[122]  S. Cao,et al.  Mercury and Cadmium Contamination of Irrigation Water, Sediment, Soil and Shallow Groundwater in a Wastewater-Irrigated Field in Tianjin, China , 2010, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[123]  A. Kerç,et al.  Application of UV disinfection in municipal wastewater treatment plants for agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater in Turkey , 2011 .

[124]  Kenneth C. Stone,et al.  Double-Cropped Soybean and Wheat with Subsurface Drip Irrigation Supplemented by Treated Swine Wastewater , 2011 .

[125]  G. Keser,et al.  Effects of Wastewater Irrigation on Chemical and Physical Properties of Petroselinum crispum , 2011, Biological Trace Element Research.

[126]  B. Chung,et al.  Heavy Metals in Brown Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Soil After Long-Term Irrigation of Wastewater Discharged from Domestic Sewage Treatment Plants , 2011 .

[127]  S. Rezapour,et al.  Soil quality response to long-term wastewater irrigation in Inceptisols from a semi-arid environment , 2011, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.

[128]  J. Mataix‐Solera,et al.  Short-term effects of treated wastewater irrigation on Mediterranean calcareous soil , 2011 .

[129]  M. N. Rojas-Valencia,et al.  Urban agriculture, using sustainable practices that involve the reuse of wastewater and solid waste , 2011 .

[130]  H. B. Harchegani,et al.  Treated municipal wastewater irrigation effect on lead content and health risks of nickel in soil and pepper in Shahrekord, Iran , 2011 .

[131]  Yona Chen,et al.  Induction of soil water repellency following irrigation with treated wastewater: effects of irrigation water quality and soil texture , 2011, Irrigation Science.

[132]  H. Kooi,et al.  Beneath the surface of global change: Impacts of climate change on groundwater , 2011 .

[133]  A. Tassoula.  An assessment of microbiological quality criteria for reuse of treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation , 2011 .

[134]  D. Wichelns,et al.  Developing country farmers need more than financial incentives to reduce the risks of wastewater irrigation , 2011 .

[135]  Gemma Carr,et al.  Water reuse for irrigation in Jordan: Perceptions of water quality among farmers , 2011 .

[136]  Graham A. Moore,et al.  Soil salinity and sodicity effects of wastewater irrigation in South East Australia , 2011 .

[137]  D. Mara,et al.  Towards an agenda for improving wastewater use in agriculture , 2011 .

[138]  Yona Chen,et al.  Microbial Activity and Organic Matter Dynamics During 4 Years of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater , 2011, Microbial Ecology.

[139]  Victor Owusu,et al.  Perception on untreated wastewater irrigation for vegetable production in Ghana , 2012, Environment, Development and Sustainability.

[140]  S. Rezapour,et al.  An Investigation of the Soil Property Changes and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Relation to Long-term Wastewater Irrigation in the Semi-arid Region of Iran , 2011 .

[141]  I. Kalavrouziotis,et al.  The risks associated with wastewater reuse and xenobiotics in the agroecological environment. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[142]  John A. Stanturf,et al.  Opportunities for Woody Crop Production Using Treated Wastewater in Egypt. I. Afforestation Strategies , 2011, International journal of phytoremediation.

[143]  Zhe Guo,et al.  What is the irrigation potential for Africa? A combined biophysical and socioeconomic approach , 2011 .

[144]  A. Mermoud,et al.  Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: Benefits and risks , 2011 .

[145]  Nicolas Kalogerakis,et al.  Olive mill wastewater irrigation of maize: Impacts on soil and groundwater , 2011 .

[146]  P. Stoffella,et al.  Reclaimed wastewater: Effects on citrus nutrition , 2011 .

[147]  D. Wichelns,et al.  Meeting the challenge of wastewater irrigation: economics, finance, business opportunities and methodological constraints , 2011 .

[148]  M. J. Sánchez-Blanco,et al.  Effects of diluted and undiluted treated wastewater on the growth, physiological aspects and visual quality of potted lantana and polygala plants , 2011 .

[149]  M. Valipour.  Comparison of Surface Irrigation Simulation Models: Full Hydrodynamic, Zero Inertia, Kinematic Wave , 2012 .

[150]  F. Bichai,et al.  Solar disinfection of wastewater to reduce contamination of lettuce crops by Escherichia coli in reclaimed water irrigation. , 2012, Water research.

[151]  Gemma Carr,et al.  Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: implications for water governance and public policy. , 2012, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

[153]  M. Valipour,et al.  Parameters Estimate of Autoregressive Moving Average and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Models and Compare Their Ability for Inflow Forecasting , 2012 .

[154]  Sophia Bakopoulou,et al.  A multicriteria analysis application for evaluating the possibility of reusing wastewater for irrigation purposes in a Greek region , 2012 .

[155]  F. Licciardello,et al.  Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production , 2012 .

[156]  H. Yassin,et al.  The effect of long-term soil irrigation by wastewater on organic matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals evolution: case study of Zaouit Sousse (Tunisia) , 2013, Arabian Journal of Geosciences.

[157]  B. Prado,et al.  An evaluation of the effects of changing wastewater irrigation regime for the production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) , 2012 .

[158]  Lead enrichment, adsorption and speciation in urban garden soils under long-term wastewater irrigation in northern Nigeria , 2013, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[159]  Yaqi Cai,et al.  Investigation of Fluoroquinolones, Sulfonamides and Macrolides in Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation Soil in Tianjin, China , 2012, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.

[160]  M. Adrover,et al.  Chemical properties and biological activity in soils of Mallorca following twenty years of treated wastewater irrigation. , 2012, Journal of environmental management.

[161]  H. H. Kayikcioglu.  Short-term effects of irrigation with treated domestic wastewater on microbiological activity of a Vertic xerofluvent soil under Mediterranean conditions. , 2012, Journal of environmental management.

[162]  Evan Diamadopoulos,et al.  A strategic plan for reuse of treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation on the Island of Crete , 2012 .

[163]  G. Wyseure,et al.  Interaction effects of irrigation by municipal wastewater and inorganic fertilisers on wheat cultivation in Bangladesh , 2012 .

[164]  Santo Marcello Zimbone,et al.  Irrigation of energy crops with urban wastewater: effects on biomass yields, soils and heating values. , 2012 .

[165]  P. Singh,et al.  Effects of sewage wastewater irrigation on soil properties, crop yield and environment , 2012 .

[166]  B. Molle,et al.  WHICH WATER QUALITY FOR WHICH USES? OVERCOMING OVER‐ZEALOUS USE OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE TO RECLAIM WASTEWATER FOR APPROPRIATE IRRIGATION USES , 2012 .

[167]  B. Scanlon,et al.  Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations , 2012 .

[168]  E. Smith,et al.  Review: Use of recycled wastewater for irrigating grapevines , 2012 .

[169]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation System Design Using Tapered Pipes for Pressure Loss Adjusting , 2012 .

[170]  S. Rezapour,et al.  Impact of long-term wastewater irrigation on variability of soil attributes along a landscape in semi-arid region of Iran , 2012, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[171]  G. Keser.  Effects of irrigation with wastewater on the physiological properties and heavy metal content in Lepidium sativum L. and Eruca sativa (Mill.) , 2013, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[172]  Jules B van Lier,et al.  Reclamation of used urban waters for irrigation purposes--a review of treatment technologies. , 2013, Journal of environmental management.

[173]  Yan-xin Wang,et al.  Influence of long-term sewage irrigation on the distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soil-groundwater systems. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[174]  Piet N.L. Lens,et al.  Exploring the potential for wastewater reuse in agriculture as a climate change adaptation measure for Can Tho City, Vietnam , 2013 .

[175]  Sadahiro Yamamoto,et al.  Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use , 2013 .

[176]  Said Muhammad,et al.  Human health risk from heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in Pakistan. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[177]  M. Valipour,et al.  Comparison of the ARMA, ARIMA, and the autoregressive artificial neural network models in forecasting the monthly inflow of Dez dam reservoir , 2013 .

[178]  T. Jang,et al.  Assessing environmental impacts of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields using bioindicator , 2013, Irrigation Science.

[179]  Nicolas Roche,et al.  Biofilm development in micro-irrigation emitters for wastewater reuse , 2013, Irrigation Science.

[180]  E. Cytryn,et al.  Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on antibiotic resistance in the soil microbiome , 2013, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[181]  G. Wyseure,et al.  Implications of municipal wastewater irrigation on soil health from a study in Bangladesh , 2013 .

[182]  S. Nasseri,et al.  Evaluation of Shiraz wastewater treatment plant effluent quality for agricultural irrigation by Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) , 2013, Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering.

[183]  Luccas Erickson de Oliveira Marinho,et al.  Application of Reclaimed Wastewater in the Irrigation of Rosebushes , 2013, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution.

[184]  M. Valipour.  Future of the area equipped for irrigation , 2014 .

[185]  R. Choukr-allah,et al.  The combined effect of deficit irrigation by treated wastewater and organic amendment on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) productivity , 2014 .

[186]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Use of average data of 181 synoptic stations for estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration by temperature-based methods , 2014, Water Resources Management.

[187]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Investigation of Valiantzas’ evapotranspiration equation in Iran , 2015, Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

[188]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Evaluation of radiation methods to study potential evapotranspiration of 31 provinces , 2015, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics.

[189]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Drainage, waterlogging, and salinity , 2014 .

[190]  M. Valipour,et al.  Analysis of potential evapotranspiration using 11 modified temperature-based models , 2014 .

[191]  M. Valipour.  Long‐term runoff study using SARIMA and ARIMA models in the United States , 2015 .

[192]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Retracted: Comparative Evaluation of Radiation-Based Methods for Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration , 2015 .

[193]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  A comprehensive study on irrigation management in Asia and Oceania , 2015 .

[194]  Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi,et al.  Surface irrigation simulation models: a review , 2015 .

[195]  M. Valipour.  Importance of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed for calculation of reference evapotranspiration , 2015 .

[196]  Wang Li,et al.  Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide , 2015 .

[197]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Future of agricultural water management in Africa , 2015 .

[198]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Temperature analysis of reference evapotranspiration models , 2015 .

[199]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Study of different climatic conditions to assess the role of solar radiation in reference crop evapotranspiration equations , 2015 .

[200]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Simulation of open- and closed-end border irrigation systems using SIRMOD , 2015 .

[201]  M. Valipour.  Optimization of neural networks for precipitation analysis in a humid region to detect drought and wet year alarms , 2016 .

[202]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  VARIATIONS OF LAND USE AND IRRIGATION FOR NEXT DECADES UNDER DIFFERENT SCENARIOS , 2016, IRRIGA.