A Combination of Evolutionary Algorithm and Game Theory for Optimal Location and Operation of DG from DG Owner Standpoints

The use of distributed generation (DG) resources is seen as a key important factor in improving technical and economic aspects of distribution systems. However, little research exists concerning the optimal location and operation of DGs. This paper proposes a novel method to find simultaneously the optimal location and operation of DGs. The method is developed in two phases, namely Phase 1 and 2. Phase 1 deals with the optimal location of DGs using a multiobjective optimization problem in which active power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, and voltage regulation are the objectives. A Pareto frontier differential evolution (PDE) algorithm is developed to solve the multiobjective problem. Phase 2 copes with the optimal income of the DGs' owners along with the optimal total payment of the distribution company by adopting a bi-level optimization method with two agents. Game theory is employed to assist in finding optimal contract prices. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by using two IEEE, 33-bus, and 69-bus, standard distribution networks. This paper concludes that the proposed method can serve as an accurate tool for practitioners in finding the optimal location and operation strategy of DGs.

[1]  Salman Kahrobaee,et al.  Optimum sizing of distributed generation and storage capacity in smart households , 2014, 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition.

[2]  R. K. Ursem.  Multi-objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms , 2009 .

[3]  E.F. El-Saadany,et al.  Optimal Renewable Resources Mix for Distribution System Energy Loss Minimization , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[4]  J. Carpentier,et al.  Optimal Power Flows , 1979, VSC-FACTS-HVDC.

[5]  Caisheng Wang,et al.  Analytical approaches for optimal placement of distributed generation sources in power systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[6]  Tuba Gozel,et al.  An analytical method for the sizing and siting of distributed generators in radial systems , 2009 .

[7]  Alireza Soroudi,et al.  Binary PSO-based dynamic multi-objective model for distributed generation planning under uncertainty , 2012 .

[8]  Haibo He,et al.  Optimized Control of DFIG-Based Wind Generation Using Sensitivity Analysis and Particle Swarm Optimization , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[9]  Guang Yang,et al.  L 1 Graph Based on Sparse Coding for Feature Selection , 2013, ISNN.

[10]  Lingfeng Wang,et al.  Adaptive Negotiation Agent for Facilitating Bi-Directional Energy Trading Between Smart Building and Utility Grid , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[11]  M.M.A. Salama,et al.  An integrated distributed generation optimization model for distribution system planning , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[12]  Caisheng Wang,et al.  Analytical approaches for optimal placement of distributed generation sources in power systems , 2004 .

[13]  Mohammad Hassan Moradi,et al.  A combination of Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization for optimal DG location and sizing in distribution systems , 2010 .

[14]  Seyed Hossein Hosseinian,et al.  GA-based optimal sizing of microgrid and DG units under pool and hybrid electricity markets , 2012 .

[15]  Haibo He,et al.  DCPE co-training for classification , 2012, Neurocomputing.

[16]  A. Keane,et al.  Optimal allocation of embedded generation on distribution networks , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[17]  D. Zhu,et al.  Impact of DG placement on reliability and efficiency with time-varying loads , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[18]  Pedro Faria,et al.  Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Applied to Integrated Demand Response and DG Resources Scheduling , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[19]  G. Joos,et al.  Data Mining Approach to Threshold Settings of Islanding Relays in Distributed Generation , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[20]  M. E. Baran,et al.  Optimal sizing of capacitors placed on a radial distribution system , 1989 .

[21]  Dheeraj Kumar Khatod,et al.  Optimal allocation of combined DG and capacitor for real power loss minimization in distribution networks , 2013 .

[22]  H. B. Gooi,et al.  Sizing of Energy Storage for Microgrids , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[23]  F. Pilo,et al.  A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for the sizing and siting of distributed generation , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[24]  K. Afshar,et al.  Application of IPSO-Monte Carlo for optimal distributed generation allocation and sizing , 2013 .

[25]  Mohammad Yusri Hassan,et al.  Multi-distributed generation planning using hybrid particle swarm optimisation- gravitational search algorithm including voltage rise issue , 2013 .

[26]  Mahmoud-Reza Haghifam,et al.  DG allocation with application of dynamic programming for loss reduction and reliability improvement , 2011 .

[27]  Kai Zou,et al.  Distribution System Planning With Incorporating DG Reactive Capability and System Uncertainties , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[28]  Nadarajah Mithulananthan,et al.  AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR DG ALLOCATION IN PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK , 2006 .

[29]  Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed,et al.  Optimum Microgrid Design for Enhancing Reliability and Supply-Security , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[30]  Li Xing-yuan,et al.  Voltage Stability Analysis of Radial Distribution Networks , 2002 .

[31]  Kalyanmoy Deb,et al.  Muiltiobjective Optimization Using Nondominated Sorting in Genetic Algorithms , 1994, Evolutionary Computation.

[32]  R. Storn,et al.  Differential Evolution: A Practical Approach to Global Optimization (Natural Computing Series) , 2005 .

[33]  Hossein Nezamabadi-pour,et al.  An Improved Multi-Objective Harmony Search for Optimal Placement of DGs in Distribution Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[34]  Eleonora Riva Sanseverino,et al.  A Generalized Framework for Optimal Sizing of Distributed Energy Resources in Micro-Grids Using an Indicator-Based Swarm Approach , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[35]  Shaghayegh Bahramirad,et al.  Reliability-Constrained Optimal Sizing of Energy Storage System in a Microgrid , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.