Home monitoring of arterial pulse-wave velocity during COVID-19 total or partial lockdown using connected smart scales

Abstract Aims To investigate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown on trajectories of arterial pulse-wave velocity in a large population of users of connected smart scales that provide reliable measurements of pulse-wave velocity. Methods and results Pulse-wave velocity recordings obtained by Withings Heart Health & Body Composition Wi-Fi Smart Scale users before and during lockdown were analysed. We compared two demonstrative countries: France, where strict lockdown rules were enforced (n = 26 196) and Germany, where lockdown was partial (n = 26 847). Subgroup analysis was conducted in users of activity trackers and home blood pressure monitors. Linear growth curve modelling and trajectory clustering analyses were performed. During lockdown, a significant reduction in vascular stiffness, weight, blood pressure, and physical activity was observed in the overall population. Pulse-wave velocity reduction was greater in France than in Germany, corresponding to 5.2 month reduction in vascular age. In the French population, three clusters of stiffness trajectories were identified: decreasing (21.1%), stable (60.6%), and increasing pulse-wave velocity clusters (18.2%). Decreasing and increasing clusters both had higher pulse-wave velocity and vascular age before lockdown compared with the stable cluster. Only the decreasing cluster showed a significant weight reduction (−400 g), whereas living alone was associated with increasing pulse-wave velocity cluster. No clusters were identified in the German population. Conclusions During total lockdown in France, a reduction in pulse-wave velocity in a significant proportion of French users of connected smart bathroom scales occurred. The impact on long-term cardiovascular health remains to be established. Lay Summary Pulse-wave velocity (PWV) measurements from users of connected smart bathroom scales showed that during the first COVID-19 imposed lockdown in France and Germany, arterial stiffness decreased, with greater improvement in France, where three distinct patterns of PWV progression could be identified.

[1]  M. Touvier,et al.  Diet and physical activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown (March–May 2020): results from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort study , 2021, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[2]  G. Parati,et al.  Indirect implications of COVID-19 prevention strategies on non-communicable diseases , 2020, BMC Medicine.

[3]  I. Guzmán-Guzmán,et al.  Positive and Negative Changes in Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, and Weight Status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[4]  Chris C. Lim,et al.  Reductions in mortality resulting from reduced air pollution levels due to COVID-19 mitigation measures , 2020, Science of The Total Environment.

[5]  Yixing Ren,et al.  Changes in Body Weight, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle During the Semi-lockdown Period After the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: An Online Survey , 2020, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness.

[6]  D. Rodríguez-Urrego,et al.  Air quality during the COVID-19: PM2.5 analysis in the 50 most polluted capital cities in the world , 2020, Environmental Pollution.

[7]  L. Menut,et al.  Impact of lockdown measures to combat Covid-19 on air quality over western Europe , 2020, Science of The Total Environment.

[8]  C. Vetter,et al.  Sleep in university students prior to and during COVID-19 Stay-at-Home orders , 2020, Current Biology.

[9]  C. Cajochen,et al.  Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on human sleep and rest-activity rhythms , 2020, Current Biology.

[10]  B. Harbaoui,et al.  Worrying decrease in hospital admissions for myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic , 2020, Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases.

[11]  Piotr Rzymski,et al.  Dietary Choices and Habits during COVID-19 Lockdown: Experience from Poland , 2020, Nutrients.

[12]  Pierre Escourrou,et al.  Wearable Activity Trackers for Monitoring Adherence to Home Confinement During the COVID-19 Pandemic Worldwide: Data Aggregation and Analysis , 2020, Journal of medical Internet research.

[13]  D. Shaw,et al.  The COVID-19 Pandemic , 2020, Circulation.

[14]  H. Roschel,et al.  Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase physical inactivity and the global burden of cardiovascular disease , 2020, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[15]  P. Garrett,et al.  Self-quarantine and weight gain related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic , 2020, Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.

[16]  F. Crea,et al.  COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options , 2020, Cardiovascular research.

[17]  P. Nilsson,et al.  Early and Supernormal Vascular Aging , 2020, Hypertension.

[18]  Vicente Andrés,et al.  Biological Versus Chronological Aging: JACC Focus Seminar. , 2020, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[19]  A. Hughes,et al.  Training for a First-Time Marathon Reverses Age-Related Aortic Stiffening. , 2020, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[20]  X. Jouven,et al.  Association Between Occupational, Sport, and Leisure Related Physical Activity and Baroreflex Sensitivity: The Paris Prospective Study III. , 2019, Hypertension.

[21]  P. Nilsson,et al.  Concept of Extremes in Vascular Aging. , 2019, Hypertension.

[22]  X. Jouven,et al.  Individual and Neighborhood Deprivation and Carotid Stiffness: The Paris Prospective Study III , 2019, Hypertension.

[23]  P. Boutouyrie,et al.  Measurement of Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity With a Connected Bathroom Scale , 2017, American journal of hypertension.

[24]  Timothy B. Smith,et al.  Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for CVD: implications for evidence-based patient care and scientific inquiry , 2016, Heart.

[25]  W. Holmes Finch,et al.  Latent Variable Modeling with R , 2015 .

[26]  Malika Charrad,et al.  NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set , 2014 .

[27]  C. D. Owens,et al.  Short-term physical inactivity impairs vascular function. , 2014, The Journal of surgical research.

[28]  Yoav Ben-Shlomo,et al.  Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects. , 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  R. Evans.  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. , 2014, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[30]  G. Boysen,et al.  European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention , 2009, International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society.

[31]  Michal Abrahamowicz,et al.  Classification of patterns of delirium severity scores over time in an elderly population , 2006, International Psychogeriatrics.

[32]  A. Hoes,et al.  [Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice]. , 2005, Revue medicale de Liege.

[33]  Michal Abrahamowicz,et al.  Statistical measures were proposed for identifying longitudinal patterns of change in quantitative health indicators. , 2004, Journal of clinical epidemiology.