Risk factors for nipple involvement in breast cancer patients

Introduction:  A clinically normal‐appearing nipple in patients with breast cancer may contain unsuspected neoplastic cells. Preservation of a nipple containing occult malignancy could potentially increase local recurrence rates and affect disease‐free survival. Consequently, patients considered for breast conservation operations with nipple preservation must be carefully selected.

[1]  M. Hall-Craggs,et al.  Breast MR and the appearance of the normal and abnormal nipple. , 1997, Clinical radiology.

[2]  Y. Monden,et al.  Cancerous residue in breast‐conserving surgery , 1993, Journal of surgical oncology.

[3]  G. Martinelli,et al.  Neoplastic involvement of nipple-areolar complex in invasive breast cancer. , 1989, American journal of surgery.

[4]  S. Singletary,et al.  Clinical decision-making in early breast cancer. , 1993, Annals of surgery.

[5]  D. Fischer,et al.  Subareolar breast cancer: long-term results with conservative surgery and radiation therapy. , 1995, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[6]  A. Luini,et al.  Central small size breast cancer: how to overcome the problem of nipple and areola involvement. , 1993, European journal of cancer.

[7]  J. Andersen,et al.  Involvement of the nipple and areola in breast cancer. Value of clinical findings. , 1981, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[8]  D. Schultz,et al.  Breast recurrence and survival related to primary tumor location in patients undergoing conservative surgery and radiation for early-stage breast cancer. , 1992, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[9]  S. Schnitt,et al.  Mammary Ducts in the Areola: Implications for Patients Undergoing Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast , 1993, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[10]  C. Redmond,et al.  Pathologic findings from the national surgical adjuvant breast project (protocol 4): Discriminants for 15‐year survival , 1993, Cancer.

[11]  D.,et al.  Regression Models and Life-Tables , 2022 .

[12]  Nipple preservation during mastectomy , 1987, The British journal of surgery.

[13]  A. Umemoto,et al.  Involvement of nipple and areola in early breast cancer , 1985, Cancer.

[14]  G. Robb,et al.  The Incidence of Occult Nipple-Areola Complex Involvement in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving a Skin-Sparing Mastectomy , 1999, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[15]  B. Fisher,et al.  The pathology of invasive breast cancer A Syllabus Derived from Findings of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (Protocol No. 4) , 1975, Cancer.

[16]  M. Lagios,et al.  A guide to the frequency of nipple involvement in breast cancer. A study of 149 consecutive mastectomies using a serial subgross and correlated radiographic technique. , 1979, American journal of surgery.

[17]  A. Giuliano,et al.  Nipple-areolar preservation during breast-conserving therapy for subareolar breast carcinomas. , 1996, Archives of surgery.

[18]  A. V. van Geel,et al.  Cancer of the breast with nipple involvement. , 1989, British Journal of Cancer.

[19]  M. Toi,et al.  Involvement of the nipple in early carcinoma of the breast. , 1989, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[20]  J. Barlow,et al.  Involvement of the nipple and areola by carcinoma of the breast. , 1981, Archives of surgery.